{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T13:49:21Z","timestamp":1775656161594,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A1-S-8616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-8616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003207","name":"Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Helmholtz research program \u201cChanging Earth, Sustaining our Future\u201d (Sub-topic 6.2 Adaptation of marine life)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Helmholtz research program \u201cChanging Earth, Sustaining our Future\u201d (Sub-topic 6.2 Adaptation of marine life)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003207","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benthic dinoflagellates produce a wide array of bioactive compounds, primarily polyketides, that cause toxic effects on human consumers of seafood and perhaps mediate species interactions in the benthic microenvironment. This study assesses toxic and other bioactive effects of the benthic dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum (strain AA60) in two targeted bioassays. The brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay revealed lethal effects of direct exposure to live dinoflagellate cells (Treatment A) and even higher potency with ethanolic extracts of lysed cells (Treatment D). There were no inimical bioactive effects of components released to the aqueous growth medium (Treatment B) or from aqueous cell lysates (Treatment C). The hypothesis that released bioactive compounds provide a chemical defense against metazoan grazers is therefore not supported by these results. The cytotoxic effect of ethanolic crude extracts of this dinoflagellate exhibited mild to high growth reduction effects on six human cancer cell lines. In particular, crude cell-free extracts proved highly growth-inhibitory activity towards breast and lung cancer cell lines MCF-7 and SKLU-1, respectively. Preliminary anti-cancer results indicate that natural bioactive compounds from Amphidinium are worthy of structural characterization and further toxicological investigation as potential therapeutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox11020003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1619558300000},"page":"33-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Toxicity Bioassay and Cytotoxic Effects of the Benthic Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ana Luisa","family":"Mej\u00eda-Camacho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Santa Fe CDMX 05348, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8805-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena Mar\u00eda","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Riveroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACyT-Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda Marina, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y de Educaci\u00f3n Superior de Ensenada, B.C. Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico"},{"name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1297-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan Douglas","family":"Cembella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neves, R.A., Fernandes, T., Santos, L.N.D., and Nascimento, S.M. (2017). Toxicity of benthic dinoflagellates on grazing, behavior and survival of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. 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