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Few studies have attempted to characterise the structure and function of fish 3D liver models and illustrate their applicability. This study aimed to further characterise a previously established spheroid model obtained from juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) primary hepatocytes under estrogenic stimulation. The spheroids were exposed for six days to environmentally relevant concentrations of 17\u03b1-ethinylestradiol\u2014EE2 (1\u2013100 ng\/L). The mRNA levels of peroxisome (catalase\u2014Cat and urate oxidase\u2014Uox), lipid metabolism (acyl-CoA long chain synthetase 1\u2014Acsl1, apolipoprotein AI\u2014ApoAI, and fatty acid binding protein 1\u2014Fabp1), and estrogen-related (estrogen receptor \u03b1\u2014ER\u03b1, estrogen receptor \u03b2\u2014ER\u03b2, vitellogenin A\u2014VtgA, zona pellucida glycoprotein 2.5\u2014ZP2.5, and zona pellucida glycoprotein 3a.2\u2014ZP3a.2) target genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess Vtg and ZP protein expressions. At the highest EE2 concentration, VtgA and ZP2.5 genes were significantly upregulated. The remaining target genes were not significantly altered by EE2. Vtg and ZP immunostaining was consistently increased in spheroids exposed to 50 and 100 ng\/L of EE2, whereas lower EE2 levels resulted in a weaker signal. EE2 did not induce significant changes in the spheroids\u2019 viability and morphological parameters. This study identified EE2 effects at environmentally relevant doses in trout liver spheroids, indicating its usefulness as a proxy for in vivo impacts of xenoestrogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14030060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T11:54:19Z","timestamp":1722945259000},"page":"1064-1078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estrogenic Responsiveness of Brown Trout Primary Hepatocyte Spheroids to Environmental Levels of 17\u03b1-Ethinylestradiol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo F.","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia Vieira","family":"Madureira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119413","article-title":"Estrogen pollution of the european aquatic environment: A critical review","volume":"229","author":"Kruszelnicka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122537","article-title":"Environmental estrogen exposure converts lipid metabolism in male fish to a female pattern mediated by AMPK and mTOR signaling pathways","volume":"394","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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