{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T23:42:41Z","timestamp":1792366961398,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]],"date-time":"2024-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chromium is an essential element in various industrial processes, including stainless steel production, electroplating, metal finishing, leather tanning, photography, and textile manufacturing. However, it is also a well-documented contaminant of aquatic systems and agricultural land, posing significant economic and health challenges. The hexavalent form of chromium [Cr(VI)] is particularly toxic and carcinogenic, linked to severe health issues such as cancer, kidney disorders, liver failure, and environmental biomagnification. Due to the high risks associated with chromium contamination in potable water, researchers have focused on developing effective removal strategies. Among these strategies, biosorption has emerged as a promising, cost-effective, and energy-efficient method for eliminating toxic metals, especially chromium. This process utilizes agricultural waste, plants, algae, bacteria, fungi, and other biomass as adsorbents, demonstrating substantial potential for the remediation of heavy metals from contaminated environments at minimal cost. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of various strategies, materials, and mechanisms involved in the bioremediation of chromium, along with their commercial viability. It also highlights the advantages of biosorption over traditional chemical and physical methods, offering a thorough understanding of its applications and effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14040089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T10:42:40Z","timestamp":1730803360000},"page":"1670-1696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Modern-Day Green Strategies for the Removal of Chromium from Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6403-4873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Komal","family":"Pandey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4120-2309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baljeet Singh","family":"Saharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136 119, India"},{"name":"USDA-ARS Root Disease and Biological Control Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA"},{"name":"Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research\u2014UFZ, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7735-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravinder","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125 055, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2327-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilfuza","family":"Jabborova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Qibray 111 208, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5089-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joginder Singh","family":"Duhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125 055, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131055","article-title":"Assessment of Hexavalent Chromium (VI) Biosorption competence of indigenous Aspergillus tubingensis AF3 isolated from bauxite mine tailing","volume":"282","author":"Anusha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163483","article-title":"A review of chromium (Cr) epigenetic toxicity and health hazards","volume":"882","author":"Iyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. 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