{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:08:22Z","timestamp":1780506502567,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":409,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIHR (SB)","award":["#258229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#258229"]}]},{"name":"CIHR (SB)","award":["RGPIN-2023-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-0523"]}]},{"name":"CUASF (MP, FB, SB)","award":["#258229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#258229"]}]},{"name":"CUASF (MP, FB, SB)","award":["RGPIN-2023-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-0523"]}]},{"name":"NSERC (MP)","award":["#258229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#258229"]}]},{"name":"NSERC (MP)","award":["RGPIN-2023-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-0523"]}]},{"name":"Bourse de formation Desjardins pour la recherche et l\u2019innovation 2024 (SMG)","award":["#258229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#258229"]}]},{"name":"Bourse de formation Desjardins pour la recherche et l\u2019innovation 2024 (SMG)","award":["RGPIN-2023-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-0523"]}]},{"name":"Bourse de formation Desjardins pour la recherche et l\u2019innovation 2023 (EL)","award":["#258229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#258229"]}]},{"name":"Bourse de formation Desjardins pour la recherche et l\u2019innovation 2023 (EL)","award":["RGPIN-2023-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-0523"]}]},{"name":"Bourse de ma\u00eetrise du FRQS (EL)","award":["#258229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#258229"]}]},{"name":"Bourse de ma\u00eetrise du FRQS (EL)","award":["RGPIN-2023-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-0523"]}]},{"name":"NSERC Graduate Scholarships \u2013 Master\u2019s Program (EL)","award":["#258229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#258229"]}]},{"name":"NSERC Graduate Scholarships \u2013 Master\u2019s Program (EL)","award":["RGPIN-2023-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-0523"]}]},{"name":"CIHR scholarship \u2013 Master\u2019s Program (FAP)","award":["#258229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#258229"]}]},{"name":"CIHR scholarship \u2013 Master\u2019s Program (FAP)","award":["RGPIN-2023-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-0523"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last decades, the human species has seen an increase in the incidence of pathologies linked to the genitourinary tract. Observations in animals have allowed us to link these increases, at least in part, to changes in the environment and, in particular, to an increasing presence of endocrine disruptors. These can be physical agents, such as light or heat; natural products, such as phytoestrogens; or chemicals produced by humans. Endocrine disruptors may interfere with the signaling pathways mediated by the endocrine system, particularly those linked to sex hormones. These factors and their general effects are presented before focusing on the male and female genitourinary tracts by describing their anatomy, development, and pathologies, including bladder and prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14040099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T09:30:18Z","timestamp":1733391018000},"page":"1849-1888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of Endocrine Disruptors on the Genitourinary Tract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Christophe","family":"Caneparo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Carignan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center and Universit\u00e9 Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Division, Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Lonina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Immune Diseases Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"},{"name":"Intersectorial Centre for Endocrine Disruptors Analysis, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Montreal, QC H4V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University; ARThrite Research Center, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah-Maude","family":"Goulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Immune Diseases Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"},{"name":"Intersectorial Centre for Endocrine Disruptors Analysis, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Montreal, QC H4V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University; ARThrite Research Center, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix-Antoine","family":"Pellerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center and Universit\u00e9 Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Division, Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Chabaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Division, Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Bordeleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center and Universit\u00e9 Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Division, Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6680-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Bolduc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Division, Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Immune Diseases Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"},{"name":"Intersectorial Centre for Endocrine Disruptors Analysis, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Montreal, QC H4V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University; ARThrite Research Center, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2017.07.009","article-title":"Endocrine Disruptor Compounds (EDCs) and agriculture: The case of pesticides","volume":"340","author":"Combarnous","year":"2017","journal-title":"C. R. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111969","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors: Challenges and future directions in epidemiologic research","volume":"204","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9340-9","article-title":"Methodological issues in human studies of endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.12.012","article-title":"Why endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) challenge traditional risk assessment and how to respond","volume":"286","author":"Tal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112136","article-title":"Combined toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: A review","volume":"215","author":"Hamid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1862","article-title":"Current limitations and recommendations to improve testing for the environmental assessment of endocrine active substances","volume":"13","author":"Coady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2017.07.004","article-title":"What is an endocrine disruptor?","volume":"340","author":"Monneret","year":"2017","journal-title":"C. R. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haverinen, E., Fernandez, M.F., Mustieles, V., and Tolonen, H. (2021). Metabolic Syndrome and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: An Overview of Exposure and Health Effects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413047"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, S., Sengupta, P., Bagchi, S., Chhikara, B.S., Pavl\u00edk, A., Sl\u00e1ma, P., and Roychoudhury, S. (2023). Reproductive toxicity of combined effects of endocrine disruptors on human reproduction. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1162015"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.05.063","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"32","author":"Bertram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152972","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Friend or foe to brown and beige adipose tissue?","volume":"463","author":"Francis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03061-4","article-title":"Endocrine disruptor chemicals, adipokines and reproductive functions","volume":"78","author":"Kurowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boychenko, S., Egorova, V.S., Brovin, A., and Egorov, A.D. (2024). White-to-Beige and Back: Adipocyte Conversion and Transcriptional Reprogramming. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17060790"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, W.W., Ross, J.S., Boockvar, K.S., and Siu, A.L. (2011). Recent trends in chronic disease, impairment and disability among older adults in the United States. BMC Geriatr., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-47"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v17i2.16","article-title":"Evidence for decreasing sperm count in African population from 1965 to 2015","volume":"17","author":"Sengupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciorio, R., Tramontano, L., Adel, M., and Fleming, S. (2024). Decrease in Sperm Parameters in the 21st Century: Obesity, Lifestyle, or Environmental Factors? An Updated Narrative Review. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14020198"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merzenich, H., Zeeb, H., and Blettner, M. (2010). Decreasing sperm quality: A global problem?. BMC Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-24"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-022-00626-w","article-title":"Spatiotemporal trends in human semen quality","volume":"19","author":"Auger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1159\/000494558","article-title":"Sexual Behavior: From Hormonal Regulation to Endocrine Disruption","volume":"107","author":"Naule","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.09.001","article-title":"Mate choice, sexual selection, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"101","author":"Gore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12339","article-title":"Effect of endocrine disruptors on male reproduction in humans: Why the evidence is still lacking?","volume":"5","author":"Bliatka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1050","article-title":"Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses","volume":"33","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111415","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors of sex hormone activities","volume":"539","author":"Varticovski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12500","article-title":"Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Reproductive Health","volume":"61","author":"Zlatnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110485","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting effects of bisphenols on urological cancers","volume":"195","author":"Pellerin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Combarnous, Y., and Nguyen, T.M.D. (2019). Comparative Overview of the Mechanisms of Action of Hormones and Endocrine Disruptor Compounds. Toxics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics7010005"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.11.007","article-title":"Endocrine disruption through membrane estrogen receptors and novel pathways leading to rapid toxicological and epigenetic effects","volume":"187","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presunto, M., Mariana, M., Lorigo, M., and Cairrao, E. (2023). The Effects of Bisphenol A on Human Male Infertility: A Review of Current Epidemiological Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512417"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0002","article-title":"Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement","volume":"30","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1422","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: A statement of principles from The Endocrine Society","volume":"153","author":"Zoeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237428","article-title":"Epigenetic transgenerational effects of endocrine disruptors on male reproduction","volume":"27","author":"Skinner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00034","article-title":"Transgenerational Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Male and Female Reproduction","volume":"160","author":"Brehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02800-8","article-title":"Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity: How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs?","volume":"94","author":"Autrup","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2023.111927","article-title":"Endocrine effects of exposure to artificial light at night: A review and synthesis of knowledge gaps","volume":"568\u2013569","author":"Grunst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moralia, M.A., Quignon, C., Simonneaux, M., and Simonneaux, V. (2022). Environmental disruption of reproductive rhythms. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 66.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2022.100990"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.08.029","article-title":"Light at night as an environmental endocrine disruptor","volume":"190","author":"Russart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117464","article-title":"Sex reversal and ontogeny under climate change and chemical pollution: Are there interactions between the effects of elevated temperature and a xenoestrogen on early development in agile frogs?","volume":"285","author":"Miko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dovolou, E., Giannoulis, T., Nanas, I., and Amiridis, G.S. (2023). Heat Stress: A Serious Disruptor of the Reproductive Physiology of Dairy Cows. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111846"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Krizova, L., Dadakova, K., Kasparovska, J., and Kasparovsky, T. (2019). Isoflavones. Molecules, 24."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2010.03.003","article-title":"The pros and cons of phytoestrogens","volume":"31","author":"Patisaul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecomte, S., Demay, F., Ferri\u00e8re, F., and Pakdel, F. (2017). Phytochemicals Targeting Estrogen Receptors: Beneficial Rather Than Adverse Effects?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071381"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-42.7.577","article-title":"Naturally-Occurring Estrogens in Plant Foodstuffs\u2014A Review","volume":"42","author":"Verdeal","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, M., and Osipo, C. (2022). Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells Using Naturally Occurring Phytoestrogens. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126813"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961445","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3961445","article-title":"The Beneficial Role of Natural Endocrine Disruptors: Phytoestrogens in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2021","author":"Domanska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-022-00388-5","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors in ancient times and Greek mythology: The spring of Salmacis and the curse of Hermaphroditus","volume":"21","author":"Vasileiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.02.101","article-title":"Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in vegetables and soils of suburban plastic film greenhouses","volume":"523","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.06.005","article-title":"Effects of bisphenol A and its analogs on reproductive health: A mini review","volume":"79","author":"Siracusa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-41","article-title":"Estrogenic chemicals often leach from BPA-free plastic products that are replacements for BPA-containing polycarbonate products","volume":"13","author":"Bittner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.06.009","article-title":"A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health","volume":"40","author":"Kabir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13974","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24785-w","article-title":"An exposure to endocrine active persistent pollutants and endometriosis\u2014A review of current epidemiological studies","volume":"30","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, M.L., and Cairrao, E. (2023). Occurrence and Health Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane: An Updated Review. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11050409"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2014.999365","article-title":"Metabolism and metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"45","author":"Grimm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"445","article-title":"Dioxins and Human Toxicity","volume":"61","author":"Rukavina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viluksela, M., and Pohjanvirta, R. (2019). Multigenerational and Transgenerational Effects of Dioxins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122947"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128989","article-title":"The potential connections of adverse outcome pathways with the hazard identifications of typical organophosphate esters based on toxicity mechanisms","volume":"266","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.05.038","article-title":"Evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants from various materials in professional seating furnishing wastes from French flows","volume":"131","author":"Guibert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Shi, Q., Liu, C., Sun, Q., and Zeng, X. (2023). Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Heavy Metals on Human Health. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11040322"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1010","article-title":"EDC-2: The Endocrine Society\u2019s Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals","volume":"36","author":"Gore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0273-8","article-title":"Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification","volume":"16","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8002","article-title":"Low doses of bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol impair Ca2+ signals in pancreatic alpha-cells through a nonclassical membrane estrogen receptor within intact islets of Langerhans","volume":"113","author":"Laribi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.10307","article-title":"Simulation of the different biological activities of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen-related receptor gamma","volume":"68","author":"Nam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1580327","article-title":"Several environmental oestrogens are also anti-androgens","volume":"158","author":"Sohoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1700539","article-title":"Effect of diethylstilbestrol on cell proliferation and expression of epidermal growth factor in the developing female rat reproductive tract","volume":"170","author":"Okada","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu074","article-title":"Investigation of the effects of subchronic low dose oral exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) on estrogen receptor expression in the juvenile and adult female rat hypothalamus","volume":"140","author":"Rebuli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.05.004","article-title":"Treatment with high-dose estrogen (diethylstilbestrol) significantly decreases plasma estrogen and androgen levels but does not influence in vivo aromatization in postmenopausal breast cancer patients","volume":"96","author":"Geisler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1174","article-title":"Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by the xenoestrogen bisphenol A is associated with reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and decreased steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in rat Leydig cells","volume":"145","author":"Akingbemi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002037","article-title":"Are environmental levels of bisphenol a associated with reproductive function in fertile men?","volume":"118","author":"Mendiola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0135","article-title":"Estrogen Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women Exposed In Utero to Diethylstilbestrol","volume":"27","author":"Troisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.09.028","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of epigenomic alterations in fetal mouse forebrain after exposure to low doses of bisphenol A","volume":"376","author":"Yaoi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2015-1310","article-title":"Reprogramming of the Epigenome by MLL1 Links Early-Life Environmental Exposures to Prostate Cancer Risk","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0056","article-title":"Effect of prenatal exposure to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A on mammary gland morphology and gene expression signature","volume":"196","author":"Moral","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.078543","article-title":"Effects of neonatal exposure to bisphenol A on steroid regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and endothelial cell proliferation in the adult rat uterus","volume":"82","author":"Bosquiazzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001","article-title":"Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms","volume":"116","author":"Fuentes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.117432","article-title":"Estrogen production and action","volume":"45","author":"Nelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svechnikov, K., Izzo, G., Landreh, L., Weisser, J., and Soder, O. (2010). Endocrine disruptors and Leydig cell function. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2010.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/684504"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-030212-183708","article-title":"Estrogen and cancer","volume":"75","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.59.2.632","article-title":"A two-step mechanism for the interaction of estradiol with rat uterus","volume":"59","author":"Jensen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.10.0532","article-title":"Estrogen-induced activation of Erk-1 and Erk-2 requires the G protein-coupled receptor homolog, GPR30, and occurs via trans-activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor through release of HB-EGF","volume":"14","author":"Filardo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.03.021","article-title":"Twenty years of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER: Historical and personal perspectives","volume":"176","author":"Barton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2014.882194","article-title":"Estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Molecular mechanisms of actions on putative human diseases","volume":"17","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026615666150413154841","article-title":"Structural and Functional Diversity of Estrogen Receptor Ligands","volume":"15","author":"Farooq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac017","article-title":"Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Immune System","volume":"44","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1021\/tx100231n","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals targeting estrogen receptor signaling: Identification and mechanisms of action","volume":"24","author":"Shanle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ITC1","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201907020","article-title":"Care of the Transgender Patient","volume":"171","author":"Safer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"CD000099","article-title":"Growth hormone for in vitro fertilization","volume":"1","author":"Duffy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)60423-5","article-title":"Induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: The difference between responders and nonresponders","volume":"51","author":"Polson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, C., and Jeung, E.-B. (2023). Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Disease Endpoints. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065342"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bregman, A., Heindel, J.J., Jobling, S., Kidd, K.A., and Zoeller, R.T. (2013). State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals\u20142012, World Health Organization.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.03.020"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson, M.H., Wu, Y., Liu, M., Attina, T.M., Naidu, M., Karthikraj, R., Kannan, K., Warady, B.A., Furth, S., and Vento, S. (2020). Serially assessed bisphenol A and phthalate exposure and association with kidney function in children with chronic kidney disease in the US and Canada: A longitudinal cohort study. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003384"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.07.046","article-title":"Dibutyl phthalate modulates phenotype of granulocytes in human blood in response to inflammatory stimuli","volume":"296","author":"Pena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12595-021-00412-3","article-title":"Impact of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) on Reproductive Health of Human","volume":"75","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Zool. Soc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110336","article-title":"Bisphenol A, bisphenol S and their glucuronidated metabolites modulate glycolysis and functional responses of human neutrophils","volume":"196","author":"Peillex","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genuis, S.J., Lane, K., and Birkholz, D. (2016). Human Elimination of Organochlorine Pesticides: Blood, Urine, and Sweat Study. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1624643"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhu, H., and Kannan, K. (2019). A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures. Toxics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics7020021"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"(2023). Cumulative Risk Assessment Under the Toxic Substances Control Act, Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116222","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and autoimmune diseases","volume":"231","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118831","article-title":"The impact of the herbicide glyphosate and its metabolites AMPA and MPA on the metabolism and functions of human blood neutrophils and their sex-dependent effects on reactive oxygen species and CXCL8\/IL-8 production","volume":"252","author":"Leblanc","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0543","article-title":"A Strong Dose-Response Relation Between Serum Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04504-8","article-title":"Organochlorine exposure and risk of breast cancer","volume":"352","author":"Grandjean","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.08.007","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals and disease susceptibility","volume":"127","author":"Schug","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003220","article-title":"Most plastic products release estrogenic chemicals: A potential health problem that can be solved","volume":"119","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-103","article-title":"Chemicals having estrogenic activity can be released from some bisphenol a-free, hard and clear, thermoplastic resins","volume":"13","author":"Bittner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11814","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01103","article-title":"Plastic Products Leach Chemicals That Induce In Vitro Toxicity under Realistic Use Conditions","volume":"55","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.04.040","article-title":"Phthalate exposure and metabolic effects: A systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence","volume":"132","author":"Radke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, D., Silva, L., Duarte, S., Pena, A., and Pereira, A. (2021). Glyphosate Use, Toxicity and Occurrence in Food. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112785"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-14-6","article-title":"Drinking well water and occupational exposure to Herbicides is associated with chronic kidney disease, in Padavi-Sripura, Sri Lanka","volume":"14","author":"Jayasumana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23589","article-title":"Pesticide exposure as risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma including histopathological subgroup analysis","volume":"123","author":"Eriksson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Flaws, J.A., Spinella, M.J., and Irudayaraj, J. (2022). The Relationship between Typical Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Kidney Disease. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11010032"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V12112321","article-title":"Renal Endothelin-1 and Endothelin Receptor Type B Expression in Glomerular Diseases with Proteinuria","volume":"12","author":"Lehrke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481489","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1481489","article-title":"The Abundance and Function of Neutrophils in the Endometriosis Systemic and Pelvic Microenvironment","volume":"2023","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102736","article-title":"Seminal fluid induces leukocyte recruitment and cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in the human cervix after coitus","volume":"188","author":"Sharkey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z.H., Li, Z.Y., Li, D.D., Fang, W.N., Liu, H.Y., Yang, D.D., Meng, C.Y., Yang, Y., and Peng, J.P. (2016). Seminal plasma induces inflammation in the uterus through the gammadelta T\/IL-17 pathway. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25118"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.109","article-title":"Three Types of Functional Regulatory T Cells Control T Cell Responses at the Human Maternal-Fetal Interface","volume":"27","author":"Benner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1452","article-title":"Decidual NK cells regulate key developmental processes at the human fetal-maternal interface","volume":"12","author":"Hanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woidacki, K., Meyer, N., Schumacher, A., Goldschmidt, A., Maurer, M., and Zenclussen, A.C. (2015). Transfer of regulatory T cells into abortion-prone mice promotes the expansion of uterine mast cells and normalizes early pregnancy angiogenesis. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13938"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10858","article-title":"Reduction in Regulatory T Cells in Early Pregnancy Causes Uterine Artery Dysfunction in Mice","volume":"72","author":"Care","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-019-00552-7","article-title":"Role of Macrophages in Pregnancy and Related Complications","volume":"67","author":"Jena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13228","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13228","article-title":"Significance of mast cells in spermatogenesis, implantation, pregnancy, and abortion: Cross talk and molecular mechanisms","volume":"83","author":"Shafaghat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sennepin, A., Real, F., Duvivier, M., Ganor, Y., Henry, S., Damotte, D., Revol, M., Cristofari, S., and Bomsel, M. (2017). The Human Penis Is a Genuine Immunological Effector Site. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01732"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397175-3.00019-3","article-title":"The Immunophysiology of Male Reproduction","volume":"2015","author":"Hedger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knobil Neill\u2019s Physiol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, B.W., and Abraham, S.N. (2016). Innate Immune Responses to Bladder Infection. Microbiol. Spectr., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.UTI-0024-2016"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101220-032117","article-title":"Tissue Immunity in the Bladder","volume":"40","author":"Bowyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.07.001","article-title":"Immune defenses in the urinary tract","volume":"44","author":"Kuhn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantero-Navarro, E., Rayego-Mateos, S., Orejudo, M., Tejedor-Santamaria, L., Tejera-Munoz, A., Sanz, A.B., Marquez-Exposito, L., Marchant, V., Santos-Sanchez, L., and Egido, J. (2021). Role of Macrophages and Related Cytokines in Kidney Disease. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.688060"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adegoke, E.O., Rahman, M.S., Park, Y.J., Kim, Y.J., and Pang, M.G. (2021). Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Infectious Diseases: From Endocrine Disruption to Immunosuppression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083939"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schjenken, J.E., Green, E.S., Overduin, T.S., Mah, C.Y., Russell, D.L., and Robertson, S.A. (2021). Endocrine Disruptor Compounds-A Cause of Impaired Immune Tolerance Driving Inflammatory Disorders of Pregnancy?. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.607539"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.39.83","article-title":"Structure-activity relationship of a series of 17 parabens and related compounds for histamine release in rat peritoneal mast cells and skin allergic reaction in guinea pigs","volume":"39","author":"Uramaru","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2013.800925","article-title":"Bisphenol A at concentrations relevant to human exposure enhances histamine and cysteinyl leukotriene release from bone marrow-derived mast cells","volume":"11","author":"Dolinoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112478","article-title":"Perfluorooctane sulfonate and bisphenol A induce a similar level of mast cell activation via a common signaling pathway, Fyn-Lyn-Syk activation","volume":"156","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.211","article-title":"Mast cell activation and degranulation promotes renal fibrosis in experimental unilateral ureteric obstruction","volume":"82","author":"Summers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couleau, N., Falla, J., Beillerot, A., Battaglia, E., D\u2019Innocenzo, M., Plancon, S., Laval-Gilly, P., and Bennasroune, A. (2015). Effects of Endocrine Disruptor Compounds, Alone or in Combination, on Human Macrophage-Like THP-1 Cell Response. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131428"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.12.024","article-title":"Decreased macrophage phagocytic function due to xenobiotic exposures in vitro, difference in sensitivity between various macrophage models","volume":"112","author":"Berntsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-03000","article-title":"Bisphenol A and Phthalates Modulate Peritoneal Macrophage Function in Female Mice Involving SYMD2-H3K36 Dimethylation","volume":"159","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113395","article-title":"Bisphenol A impairs macrophages through inhibiting autophagy via AMPK\/mTOR signaling pathway and inducing apoptosis","volume":"234","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153321","article-title":"Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the expression of RACK1 and LPS-induced THP-1 cell activation","volume":"480","author":"Masi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119743","article-title":"Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) induces lung injury and fibrosis through neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"309","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makene, V.W., and Pool, E.J. (2019). The Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Biomarkers of Inflammation Produced by Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16162914"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-W., Ha, S.K., and Kim, Y. (2020). Bisphenol A disrupts inflammatory responses via Nod-like receptor protein 3 pathway in macrophages. Appl. Biol. Chem., 63.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-020-00562-6"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.05.013","article-title":"Bisphenol A promotes macrophage proinflammatory subtype polarization via upregulation of IRF5 expression in vitro","volume":"60","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol Vitr."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01591-0","article-title":"Effects of hydrogen peroxide on DNA and plasma membrane integrity of human spermatozoa","volume":"74","author":"Morshedi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, S., Sengupta, P., Slama, P., and Roychoudhury, S. (2021). Oxidative Stress, Testicular Inflammatory Pathways, and Male Reproduction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810043"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0608","article-title":"Role of neutrophil extracellular traps in chronic kidney injury induced by bisphenol-A","volume":"241","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114295","article-title":"DEHP induces neutrophil extracellular traps formation and apoptosis in carp isolated from carp blood via promotion of ROS burst and autophagy","volume":"262","author":"Yirong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratajczak-Wrona, W., Rusak, M., Nowak, K., Dabrowska, M., Radziwon, P., and Jablonska, E. (2020). Effect of bisphenol A on human neutrophils immunophenotype. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59753-2"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2038-2","article-title":"Consequences of bisphenol a perinatal exposure on immune responses and gut barrier function in mice","volume":"92","author":"Malaise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camarca, A., Gianfrani, C., Ariemma, F., Cimmino, I., Bruzzese, D., Scerbo, R., Picascia, S., D\u2019Esposito, V., Beguinot, F., and Formisano, P. (2016). Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Function and Dendritic Cell Differentiation Are Affected by Bisphenol-A Exposure. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161122"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03592-3","article-title":"Impact of endocrine disruptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro: Role of gender","volume":"97","author":"Maddalon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119590","article-title":"Systematic multi-omics reveals the overactivation of T cell receptor signaling in immune system following bisphenol A exposure","volume":"308","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00927-7","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells in the kidney","volume":"44","author":"Asada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn4332","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abn4332","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells mediate mucosal immunity to recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"8","author":"Rousseau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, H.T.T., Herz, C., and Lamy, E. (2020). Long-term exposure to \u201clow-dose\u201d bisphenol A decreases mitochondrial DNA copy number, and accelerates telomere shortening in human CD8 + T cells. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72546-x"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, H.H., Li, C.Y., Wu, S.T., Su, H.H., Wong, T.H., Wu, H.E., Chang, Y.W., Huang, S.K., Tsai, E.M., and Suen, J.L. (2022). Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Promotes Allergic Lung Inflammation by Modulating CD8alpha(+) Dendritic Cell Differentiation via Metabolite MEHP-PPARgamma Axis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.581854"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705166","article-title":"Effects of bisphenol A on antigen-specific antibody production, proliferative responses of lymphoid cells, and TH1 and TH2 immune responses in mice","volume":"138","author":"Yoshino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10829","article-title":"Exposure to Bisphenol A prenatally or in adulthood promotes T(H)2 cytokine production associated with reduction of CD4CD25 regulatory T cells","volume":"116","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0688-3","article-title":"A highly polarized T(H)2 bladder response to infection promotes epithelial repair at the expense of preventing new infections","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"e13026","article-title":"Dibutyl phthalate exposure alters T-cell subsets in blood from allergen-sensitized volunteers","volume":"32","author":"Nygaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.12.095","article-title":"Molecular effects of genistein on male urethral development","volume":"185","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2016.01.004","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol-induced mouse hypospadias: \u201cwindow of susceptibility\u201d","volume":"91","author":"Sinclair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152428","article-title":"Prepubertal acrylamide exposure causes dose-response decreases in spermatic production and functionality with modulation of genes involved in the spermatogenesis in rats","volume":"436","author":"Ivanski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Interdonato, L., Siracusa, R., Fusco, R., Cuzzocrea, S., and Di Paola, R. (2023). Endocrine Disruptor Compounds in Environment: Focus on Women\u2019s Reproductive Health and Endometriosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065682"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2023.0034","article-title":"The influence of various endocrine disruptors on the reproductive system","volume":"74","author":"Czarnywojtek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03340190083041","article-title":"Landmark article Sept 8, 1923. An ovarian hormone. Preliminary report on its localization, extraction and partial purification, and action in test animals. By Edgar Allen and Edward A. Doisy","volume":"250","author":"Allen","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000259","article-title":"The Normal Female Pelvis","volume":"60","author":"Roach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151475","article-title":"Histology of the normal ovary in premenopausal patients","volume":"46","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/01478885.2021.1972250","article-title":"Study of fallopian tube anatomy and mechanical properties to determine pressure limits for endoscopic exploration","volume":"45","author":"Howard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Histotechnol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-198012000-00023","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the fallopian tube","volume":"23","author":"Eddy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Tortora, G. (2011). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, Wiley. [13th. ed.]."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Prendiville, W., and Sankaranarayanan, R. (2017). Colposcopy and Treatment of Cervical Precancer, International Agency of Research on Cancer. IARC Technical Report, No. 45."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brownell, D., Chabaud, S., and Bolduc, S. (2022). Tissue Engineering in Gynecology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202209.0132.v1"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elia, E., Brownell, D., Chabaud, S., and Bolduc, S. (2022). Tissue Engineering for Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Tracts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202211.0261.v1"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2015.10.011","article-title":"Anatomy of the Vulva and the Female Sexual Response","volume":"43","author":"Yeung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.10.008","article-title":"Development of the external genitalia","volume":"112","author":"Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-022-00674-7","article-title":"What is a vulva?","volume":"97","author":"Zdilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.09.001","article-title":"Development of the human female reproductive tract","volume":"103","author":"Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00305086","article-title":"The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human reproductive system during the embryonic period proper","volume":"166","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-014-3593-8","article-title":"The great divide: Septation and malformation of the cloaca, and its implications for surgeons","volume":"30","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Walter, P. (2024, October 14). Primordial Germ Cells and Sex Determination in Mammals, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK26940\/."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharti, D., Tikka, M., Lee, S.Y., Bok, E.Y., Lee, H.J., and Rho, G.J. (2021). Female Germ Cell Development, Functioning and Associated Adversities under Unfavorable Circumstances. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202101.0307.v1"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22631","article-title":"Development of the external genitalia: Conserved and divergent mechanisms of appendage patterning","volume":"240","author":"Cohn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.08.001","article-title":"Development of the human penis and clitoris","volume":"103","author":"Baskin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_181","unstructured":"Aatsha, P.A., Arbor, T.C., and Krishan, K. (2024). Embryology, Sexual Development, StatPearls Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov\/books\/NBK557601\/."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL-Mamari, S.A. (2023). Anatomy of the Scrotum and Testicles. Urogenital Trauma: A Practical Guide, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-6171-9"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, B. (2018). Penis and Testis. Clinical Regenerative Medicine in Urology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2723-9"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910080403","article-title":"Calibrated uncoupling of tightly coupled concentric surface coils for in vivo NMR","volume":"8","author":"Bendall","year":"1988","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruthig, V.A., and Lamb, D.J. (2022). Updates in Sertoli Cell-Mediated Signaling During Spermatogenesis and Advances in Restoring Sertoli Cell Function. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.897196"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1159\/000094142","article-title":"The Sertoli Cell\u2014A Hormonal Target and \u2018Super\u2019 Nurse for Germ Cells That Determines Testicular Size","volume":"66","author":"Petersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(04)33005-6","article-title":"Cell biology of Leydig cells in the testis","volume":"233","author":"Haider","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23739","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23739","article-title":"Fetal Leydig cells: What we know and what we don\u2019t","volume":"91","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a030346","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a030346","article-title":"Anatomy and Histology of the Human and Murine Prostate","volume":"8","author":"Ittmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1540\/jsmr.53.57","article-title":"Role of prostatic interstitial cells in prostate motility","volume":"53","author":"Lang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Smooth Muscle Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.148270","article-title":"Prostate organogenesis: Tissue induction, hormonal regulation and cell type specification","volume":"144","author":"Toivanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"Singh, O., and Bolla, S.R. (2024, October 14). Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Prostate, Available online: https:\/\/www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov\/books\/NBK540987\/."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.08.005","article-title":"Development of the human prostate","volume":"103","author":"Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elia, E., Caneparo, C., McMartin, C., Chabaud, S., and Bolduc, S. (2024). Tissue Engineering for Penile Reconstruction. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11030230"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caneparo, C., Brownell, D., Chabaud, S., and Bolduc, S. (2021). Genitourinary Tissue Engineering: Reconstruction and Research Models. Bioengineering, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering8070099"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0198-y","article-title":"Regenerative and engineered options for urethroplasty","volume":"16","author":"Pederzoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00305719","article-title":"Different epithelia in the distal human male urethra","volume":"264","author":"Holstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2010.112","article-title":"Penile embryology and anatomy","volume":"10","author":"Yiee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154564","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/154564","article-title":"Tissue engineering of urinary bladder and urethra: Advances from bench to patients","volume":"2013","author":"Orabi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-015-1596-2","article-title":"Organ-specific matrix self-assembled by mesenchymal cells improves the normal urothelial differentiation in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Bouhout","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caneparo, C., Chabaud, S., Fradette, J., and Bolduc, S. (2022). Engineered human organ-specific urethra as a functional substitute. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25311-1"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0438","article-title":"Evidence that Sry is expressed in pre-Sertoli cells and Sertoli and granulosa cells have a common precursor","volume":"240","author":"Albrecht","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estermann, M.A., Major, A.T., and Smith, C.A. (2020). Gonadal Sex Differentiation: Supporting Versus Steroidogenic Cell Lineage Specification in Mammals and Birds. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.616387"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00140","article-title":"Testis Development","volume":"40","author":"Koskenniemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1787687","article-title":"Role of Anti-Mullerian Hormone in Male Reproduction and Sperm Motility","volume":"42","author":"Benderradji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00009.2006","article-title":"Sex determination and gonadal development in mammals","volume":"87","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz079","article-title":"A tale of two tracts: History, current advances, and future directions of research on sexual differentiation of reproductive tracts","volume":"101","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000500689","article-title":"Emerging Roles of Anti-Mullerian Hormone in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function","volume":"109","author":"Barbotin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a030353","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a030353","article-title":"Prostate Organogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Francis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-1189","article-title":"Suppressed prostate epithelial development with impaired branching morphogenesis in mice lacking stromal fibromuscular androgen receptor","volume":"26","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21445","article-title":"Altered prostate epithelial development in mice lacking the androgen receptor in stromal fibroblasts","volume":"72","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21264","article-title":"Altered prostate epithelial development and IGF-1 signal in mice lacking the androgen receptor in stromal smooth muscle cells","volume":"71","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.09.108","article-title":"Canalization of the urethral plate precedes fusion of the urethral folds during male penile urethral development: The double zipper hypothesis","volume":"193","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2010.07.002","article-title":"Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: An anatomic evaluation and sexual function questionnaire pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"330","article-title":"Do endocrine disruptors cause hypospadias?","volume":"3","author":"Botta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_216","unstructured":"Demeneix, B.S.R., and Schonard, M. (2019). Endocrine Disruptors: From Scientific Evidence to Human Health Protection, Policy Department for Citizens\u2019 Rights Constitutional Affairs. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/IPOL_STU(2019)608866."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706532","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.706532","article-title":"Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Reproductive Health in Boys and Men","volume":"12","author":"Rodprasert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, D.N., Jung, E.M., Ahn, C., Lee, J.H., Yoo, Y.M., and Jeung, E.B. (2018). Effects of Bisphenol A and 4-tert-Octylphenol on Embryo Implantation Failure in Mouse. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201805.0256.v1"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.01.062","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES)","volume":"89","author":"Newbold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2000.tb00001.x","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol: Long-term effects in humans","volume":"108","author":"Swan","year":"2000","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199603)244:3<374::AID-AR9>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Estrogen receptor (ER) and its messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the genital tract of female mice exposed neonatally to tamoxifen and diethylstilbestrol","volume":"244","author":"Sato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.6.6027","article-title":"The xenoestrogen bisphenol A induces growth, differentiation, and c-fos gene expression in the female reproductive tract","volume":"139","author":"Steinmetz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_223","first-page":"402","article-title":"Endocrine Disruption and Developmental Abnormalities of Female Reproduction1","volume":"40","author":"Iguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307351","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol (DES)-stimulated hormonal toxicity is mediated by ERalpha alteration of target gene methylation patterns and epigenetic modifiers (DNMT3A, MBD2, and HDAC2) in the mouse seminal vesicle","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"595","article-title":"Exposure to diethylstilbestrol during a critical developmental period of the mouse reproductive tract leads to persistent induction of two estrogen-regulated genes","volume":"5","author":"Nelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199705)248:1<76::AID-AR9>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Apoptotic cell death during the estrous cycle in the rat uterus and vagina","volume":"248","author":"Sato","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00351.x","article-title":"Involvement of Fas in regression of vaginal epithelia after ovariectomy and during an estrous cycle","volume":"15","author":"Suzuki","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00315455","article-title":"Polyovular follicles in the ovary of immature mice exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol","volume":"175","author":"Iguchi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod43.3.478","article-title":"Polyovular follicles in mouse ovaries exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol in vivo and in vitro","volume":"43","author":"Iguchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1986.tb08661.x","article-title":"Primary infertility in women exposed to diethylstilboestrol in utero","volume":"93","author":"Menczer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2873","article-title":"Female Reproductive Disorders, Diseases, and Costs of Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the European Union","volume":"101","author":"Hunt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2018.02.007","article-title":"Evidence-based adverse outcome pathway approach for the identification of BPA as en endocrine disruptor in relation to its effect on the estrous cycle","volume":"475","author":"Viguie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1038","article-title":"Exposure to non-persistent pesticides and puberty timing: A systematic review of the epidemiological evidence","volume":"184","author":"Castiello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gea, M., Toso, A., Bentivegna, G.N., Buganza, R., Abrigo, E., De Sanctis, L., and Schiliro, T. (2022). Oestrogenic Activity in Girls with Signs of Precocious Puberty as Exposure Biomarker to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010014"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.1813E","article-title":"Environmental factors and puberty timing: Expert panel research needs","volume":"121","author":"Gray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03037-9","article-title":"Thirteen-week subcutaneous repeated dose toxicity study of butylparaben and its toxicokinetics in rats","volume":"95","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_237","first-page":"1556","article-title":"Effects of Methyl paraben neonatal treatment on puberty onset, estrus cycle, and development of ovarian follicles in female mice (Balb\/c)","volume":"27","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Shahid Sadoughi Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2012.01649.x","article-title":"Molecular mechanism(s) of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their potent oestrogenicity in diverse cells and tissues that express oestrogen receptors","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polak, G., Banaszewska, B., Filip, M., Radwan, M., and Wdowiak, A. (2021). Environmental Factors and Endometriosis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111025"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.03.031","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemical Bisphenol A and its potential effects on female health","volume":"15","author":"Kawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.03.004","article-title":"An endocrine-disrupting chemical, fenvalerate, induces cell cycle progression and collagen type I expression in human uterine leiomyoma and myometrial cells","volume":"196","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.06.071","article-title":"Depletion of follicles accelerated by combined exposure to phthalates and 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide, leading to premature ovarian failure in rats","volume":"80","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-019-00700-w","article-title":"Practical Treatment Considerations in the Management of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause","volume":"36","author":"Kagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2022.10.017","article-title":"Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause","volume":"107","author":"Cox","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarmento, A.C.A., Costa, A.P.F., Vieira-Baptista, P., Giraldo, P.C., Eleut\u00e9rio, J., and Gon\u00e7alves, A.K. (2021). Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: Epidemiology, Physiopathology, Clinical Manifestation and Diagnostic. Front. Reprod. Health, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2021.779398"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119269","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals impact on ovarian aging: Evidence from epidemiological and experimental evidence","volume":"305","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4298195","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4298195","article-title":"Characterization of Follicular Atresia Responsive to BPA in Zebrafish by Morphometric Analysis of Follicular Stage Progression","volume":"2018","author":"Migliaccio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2020.04.011","article-title":"Chronic exposure to low dose of bisphenol A causes follicular atresia by inhibiting kisspeptin neurons in anteroventral periventricular nucleus in female mice","volume":"79","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_249","unstructured":"(2024, October 14). Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/risk\/hormones\/mht-fact-sheet."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321","article-title":"Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results From the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial","volume":"288","author":"Rossouw","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.124388","article-title":"The role of soy foods in the treatment of menopausal symptoms","volume":"140","author":"Levis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2020.1863356","article-title":"The effects of phytoestrogens on postmenopausal health","volume":"24","author":"Rowe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-21-0398","article-title":"A tissue-specific role of membrane-initiated ER\u03b1 signaling for the effects of SERMs","volume":"253","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.12.011","article-title":"Use of SERMs for treatment in postmenopausal women","volume":"142","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01788-4","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effects of endocrine therapy in breast cancer","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sfogliarini, C., Pepe, G., Cesta, C.M., Allegretti, M., Locati, M., and Vegeto, E. (2023). The immune activity of selective estrogen receptor modulators is gene and macrophage subtype-specific yet converges on Il1b downregulation. Biomed. Pharmacother., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115008"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20707","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and hypospadias as a sign of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS): Environmental connection","volume":"88","author":"Toppari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab205","article-title":"Maternal occupational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and urogenital anomalies in the offspring","volume":"37","author":"Spinder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2015.33","article-title":"Assessment of phthalates\/phthalate alternatives in children\u2019s toys and childcare articles: Review of the report including conclusions and recommendation of the Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel of the Consumer Product Safety Commission","volume":"25","author":"Lioy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.029","article-title":"Phthalate exposure and male reproductive outcomes: A systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence","volume":"121","author":"Radke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivollier, F., Krebs, M.O., and Kebir, O. (2019). Perinatal Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors in the Emergence of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16081318"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.10.003","article-title":"Genital anomalies in boys and the environment","volume":"24","author":"Main","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw036","article-title":"The epidemiologic evidence linking prenatal and postnatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals with male reproductive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Bonde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20657","article-title":"Maternal exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals and hypospadias in offspring","volume":"88","author":"Giordano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2002000200006","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and congenital anomalies","volume":"18","author":"Rittler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03136-2","article-title":"Temporal decline of sperm concentration: Role of endocrine disruptors","volume":"79","author":"Cannarella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(03)00085-9","article-title":"Induction of hypospadias in a murine model by maternal exposure to synthetic estrogens","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(98)80529-6","article-title":"Sexual differentiation and environmental endocrine disrupters","volume":"12","author":"Toppari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Jager, C., Patrick, S.M., Aneck-Hahn, N.H., and Bornman, M.S. (2021). Environmental Toxicants and Sperm Production in Men and Animals, Springer. [13th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66292-9_6"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127880","article-title":"Chronic exposure of BPA impairs male germ cell proliferation and induces lower sperm quality in male mice","volume":"262","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08152-7","article-title":"Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: A cohort study","volume":"359","author":"Klip","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.0727","article-title":"Association of Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol During Pregnancy With Multigenerational Neurodevelopmental Deficits","volume":"172","author":"Kioumourtzoglou","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01944-z","article-title":"Ancestral perinatal obesogen exposure results in a transgenerational thrifty phenotype in mice","volume":"8","author":"Shoucri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1056","article-title":"Thyroid hormone signaling and homeostasis during aging","volume":"34","author":"Bowers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segovia-Mendoza, M., Palacios-Arreola, M.I., Monroy-Escamilla, L.M., Soto-Pi\u00f1a, A.E., Nava-Castro, K.E., Becerril-Alarc\u00f3n, Y., Camacho-Beiza, R., Aguirre-Quezada, D.E., Cardoso-Pe\u00f1a, E., and Amador-Mu\u00f1oz, O. (2022). Association of Serum Levels of Plasticizers Compounds, Phthalates and Bisphenols, in Patients and Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Real Connection?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138040"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111300","article-title":"Cadmium tissue level in women diagnosed with breast cancer\u2014A case control study","volume":"199","author":"Andelkovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_277","first-page":"2766","article-title":"Breast cancer is associated with methylation and expression of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 33 (ADAM33) gene affected by endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfz119","article-title":"Bisphenol A Promotes the Invasive and Metastatic Potential of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Protumorigenic Polarization of Macrophages","volume":"170","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2021.2020304","article-title":"Urinary Phytoestrogen Levels Are Associated with Female Hormonal Cancers: An Analysis of NHANES Data From 1999 to 2010","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115475","article-title":"Exposure to endocrine disruptor alkylphenols and the occurrence of endometrial cancer","volume":"267","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, M., Tang, Q., Lei, B., Yang, Y., and Xu, L. (2022). Bisphenol AF Promoted the Growth of Uterus and Activated Estrogen Signaling Related Targets in Various Tissues of Nude Mice with SK-BR-3 Xenograft Tumor. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315743"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00872","article-title":"Chronic Exposure of Mice to Bisphenol-A Alters Uterine Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling and Leads to Aberrant Epithelial Proliferation","volume":"160","author":"Neff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.02.012","article-title":"An integrative transcriptomic analysis reveals bisphenol A exposure-induced dysregulation of microRNA expression in human endometrial cells","volume":"41","author":"Chou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-018-3410-0","article-title":"The endocrine disruptor bisphenol A promotes nuclear ERR\u03b3 translocation, facilitating cell proliferation of Grade I endometrial cancer cells via EGF-dependent and EGF-independent pathways","volume":"452","author":"Yaguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04928-z","article-title":"TGF\u03b2 signaling links early life endocrine-disrupting chemicals exposure to suppression of nucleotide excision repair in rat myometrial stem cells","volume":"80","author":"Bariani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.21913","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals promote the growth of ovarian cancer cells via the ER-CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis","volume":"52","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.11.018","article-title":"Persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals found in human follicular fluid stimulate the proliferation of granulosa tumor spheroids via GPR30 and IGF1R but not via the classic estrogen receptors","volume":"217","author":"Gogola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.04.013","article-title":"Methoxychlor and triclosan stimulates ovarian cancer growth by regulating cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes via an estrogen receptor-dependent pathway","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_289","first-page":"761","article-title":"Cell growth of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells is promoted by di-n-butyl phthalate and hexabromocyclododecane via upregulation of the cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 genes","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansouri-Attia, N., James, R., Ligon, A., Li, X., and Pangas, S.A. (2014). Soy promotes juvenile granulosa cell tumor development in mice and in the human granulosa cell tumor-derived COV434 cell line. Biol. Reprod., 91.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.120899"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.20094","article-title":"Cell growth of ovarian cancer cells is stimulated by xenoestrogens through an estrogen-dependent pathway, but their stimulation of cell growth appears not to be involved in the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK-1 and p38","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaspari, L., Haouzi, D., Gennetier, A., Granes, G., Soler, A., Sultan, C., Paris, F., and Hamamah, S. (2024). Transgenerational Transmission of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Effects in Human Granulosa Cells: The Role of MicroRNAs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021144"},{"key":"ref_293","first-page":"82","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol exposure during pregnancy with primary clear cell carcinoma of the cervix in an 8-year-old granddaughter: A multigenerational effect of endocrine disruptors?","volume":"36","author":"Gaspari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.04.009","article-title":"Bisphenol A disrupts mitotic progression via disturbing spindle attachment to kinetochore and centriole duplication in cancer cell lines","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2015.03.010","article-title":"IKK\u03b2\/NF-\u03baB mediated the low doses of bisphenol A induced migration of cervical cancer cells","volume":"573","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134371","article-title":"Long-term 4-nonylphenol exposure drives cervical cell malignancy through MAPK-mediated ferroptosis inhibition","volume":"471","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_297","unstructured":"Society, A.C. (2024). Facts & Figures 2024, American Cancer Society."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgae028","article-title":"The SEER Program\u2019s longstanding commitment to making cancer resources available","volume":"2024","author":"Murphy","year":"2024","journal-title":"JNCI Monogr."},{"key":"ref_299","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, October 14). SEER Cancer Stat Facts: Prostate Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/prost.html."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.08.003","article-title":"EAU-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part 1: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent","volume":"71","author":"Mottet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.09.046","article-title":"EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part II-2020 Update: Treatment of Relapsing and Metastatic Prostate Cancer","volume":"79","author":"Cornford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201303701","article-title":"Targeting the adaptive molecular landscape of castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Wyatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro1296","article-title":"Androgen deprivation therapy: Progress in understanding mechanisms of resistance and optimizing androgen depletion","volume":"6","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.06.002","article-title":"Management of Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer: The Report of the Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference APCCC 2017","volume":"73","author":"Gillessen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc4016","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms of resistance to androgen receptor inhibitors in prostate cancer","volume":"15","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.2005","article-title":"Androgen receptor rediscovered: The new biology and targeting the androgen receptor therapeutically","volume":"29","author":"Ryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8253","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.4777","article-title":"Biology of progressive, castration-resistant prostate cancer: Directed therapies targeting the androgen-receptor signaling axis","volume":"23","author":"Scher","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-5151\/2021\/v59n4a3327","article-title":"Costs of managing castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer patients at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital","volume":"59","author":"Gabela","year":"2021","journal-title":"S Afr. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.01.005","article-title":"Adult murine prostate basal and luminal cells are self-sustained lineages that can both serve as targets for prostate cancer initiation","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-023-00726-1","article-title":"Preclinical models of prostate cancer\u2014Modelling androgen dependency and castration resistance in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo","volume":"20","author":"Germain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonthier, K., Poluri, R.T.K., and Audet-Walsh, E. (2019). Functional genomic studies reveal the androgen receptor as a master regulator of cellular energy metabolism in prostate cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 191.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.04.016"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.299958.117","article-title":"Nuclear mTOR acts as a transcriptional integrator of the androgen signaling pathway in prostate cancer","volume":"31","author":"Dufour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-2-1165","article-title":"Testosterone at high concentrations interacts with the human androgen receptor similarly to dihydrotestosterone","volume":"126","author":"Grino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-016-1818-2","article-title":"The role of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists in the treatment of patients with advanced hormone-dependent prostate cancer in the UK","volume":"34","author":"Rosario","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.20230027","article-title":"Testosterone castration levels in patients with prostate cancer: Is there a difference between GnRH agonist and GnRH antagonist? Primary results of an open-label randomized control study","volume":"64","author":"Mytilekas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.02.045","article-title":"Recent advances on bisphenol-A and endocrine disruptor effects on human prostate cancer","volume":"457","author":"Cernera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905524107","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-beta activated apoptosis in benign hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate is androgen independent and TNFalpha mediated","volume":"107","author":"McPherson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.02.063","article-title":"Prostate tumorigenesis induced by PTEN deletion involves estrogen receptor beta repression","volume":"10","author":"Mak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-21-0121","article-title":"25 years of ERbeta: A personal journey","volume":"68","author":"Warner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2820","article-title":"Estrogen receptor alpha drives proliferation in PTEN-deficient prostate carcinoma by stimulating survival signaling, MYC expression and altering glucose sensitivity","volume":"6","author":"Takizawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100769","article-title":"Pro-tumorigenic role of ERalpha in prostate cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Furic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0001-z","article-title":"Structural underpinnings of oestrogen receptor mutations in endocrine therapy resistance","volume":"18","author":"Katzenellenbogen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9526com","article-title":"Prostatic hormonal carcinogenesis is mediated by in situ estrogen production and estrogen receptor alpha signaling","volume":"22","author":"Ricke","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Zazzo, E., Galasso, G., Giovannelli, P., Di Donato, M., Bilancio, A., Perillo, B., Sinisi, A.A., Migliaccio, A., and Castoria, G. (2019). Estrogen Receptors in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Prostate Cancer. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101418"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujimura, T., Takayama, K., Takahashi, S., and Inoue, S. (2018). Estrogen and Androgen Blockade for Advanced Prostate Cancer in the Era of Precision Medicine. Cancers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10020029"},{"key":"ref_326","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2012). Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. IARC Monographs on the Evalution of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 100, 11\u2013465."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03988-3","article-title":"Arsenic-Induced Thyroid Hormonal Alterations and Their Putative Influence on Ovarian Follicles in Balb\/c Mice","volume":"202","author":"K","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alymbaeva, D., Szabo, C., Jocsak, G., Bartha, T., Zsarnovszky, A., Kovago, C., Ondrasovicova, S., and Kiss, D.S. (2024). Analysis of arsenic-modulated expression of hypothalamic estrogen receptor, thyroid receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma mRNA and simultaneous mitochondrial morphology and respiration rates in the mouse. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303528"},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-0100-y","article-title":"DNA fragmentation, caspase 3 and prostate-specific antigen genes expression induced by arsenic, cadmium, and chromium on nontumorigenic human prostate cells","volume":"162","author":"Attia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.04.011","article-title":"Differential DNA methylation profile of key genes in malignant prostate epithelial cells transformed by inorganic arsenic or cadmium","volume":"286","author":"Pelch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9630","article-title":"Mechanisms of acquired androgen independence during arsenic-induced malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells","volume":"115","author":"Webber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422900506","article-title":"Endocrine disruption by cadmium, a common environmental toxicant with paradoxical effects on reproduction","volume":"229","author":"Henson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_333","first-page":"201","article-title":"Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of chromium and cadmium ions","volume":"19","author":"Stohs","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.12.009","article-title":"Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer","volume":"160","author":"Valko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.2741\/4667","article-title":"Cadmium exposure and prostate cancer: Insights, mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Rapisarda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3441","article-title":"Role of connexin 43 in cadmium-induced proliferation of human prostate epithelial cells","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0173-y","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and the future of toxicology testing\u2014Lessons from CLARITY-BPA","volume":"15","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6785289","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6785289","article-title":"Effects of Exposure to Bisphenol A during Pregnancy on the Pup Testis Function","volume":"2019","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10753","article-title":"Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003-2004","volume":"116","author":"Calafat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarapore, P., Ying, J., Ouyang, B., Burke, B., Bracken, B., and Ho, S.M. (2014). Exposure to bisphenol A correlates with early-onset prostate cancer and promotes centrosome amplification and anchorage-independent growth in vitro. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090332"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J.Z., Ye, Q., Wang, L., and Lee, S.C. (2021). Centrosome amplification in cancer and cancer-associated human diseases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer, 1876.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188566"},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00583-0","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and risk of aggressive prostate cancer among private pesticide applicators","volume":"19","author":"Pardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/009841098159006","article-title":"Effects of the pesticides carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, lindane, triallate, trifluralin, 2,4-D, and pentachlorophenol on the metabolic endocrine and reproductive endocrine system in ewes","volume":"54","author":"Rawlings","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4266(05)81705-6","article-title":"Dimethoate effects on thyroid function in suckling rats","volume":"66","author":"Hamadi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws225","article-title":"Risk of total and aggressive prostate cancer and pesticide use in the Agricultural Health Study","volume":"177","author":"Koutros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116674","article-title":"Farming and prostate cancer mortality","volume":"137","author":"Morrison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22897","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to mixtures of anti-androgenic chemicals causes proliferative lesions in rat prostate","volume":"75","author":"Boberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1568","article-title":"Testicular germ-cell tumours in a broader perspective","volume":"5","author":"Oosterhuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199311000-00001","article-title":"Germ cell neoplasms of the testis","volume":"17","author":"Ulbright","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barber, N., and Ali, A. (2022). The Epidemiology of Testicular Cancer. Urologic Cancers, Exon Publications.","DOI":"10.36255\/exon-publications-urologic-cancers"},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.02.029","article-title":"The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours","volume":"70","author":"Moch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00161.x","article-title":"Carcinoma-in-situ of the testis: Possible origin from gonocytes and precursor of all types of germ cell tumours except spermatocytoma","volume":"10","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: An increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects","volume":"16","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_354","first-page":"e4834","article-title":"Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Risk of Testicular Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Brauner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8075","article-title":"Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age","volume":"114","author":"Main","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2005.01.058","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome and the development and occurrence of male reproductive disorders","volume":"207","author":"Virtanen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.12.001","article-title":"Phthalate-induced testicular dysgenesis syndrome: Leydig cell influence","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.7.8895","article-title":"Effect of peroxisome proliferators on Leydig cell peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor gene expression, hormone-stimulated cholesterol transport, and steroidogenesis: Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor alpha","volume":"143","author":"Gazouli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00423-9","article-title":"Dual activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma by mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rat ovarian granulosa cells","volume":"201","author":"Jetten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_360","first-page":"27","article-title":"Effect of sodium arsenite on spermatogenesis, plasma gonadotrophins and testosterone in rats","volume":"5","author":"Sarkar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.04.013","article-title":"Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in TM4 Sertoli cells: The potential involvement of p21 expression and p53 phosphorylation","volume":"285","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113881","article-title":"Proximity to endocrine-disrupting pesticides and risk of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) among adolescents: A population-based case-control study in California","volume":"239","author":"Swartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_363","first-page":"1151","article-title":"Estrogen exposure during gestation and risk of testicular cancer","volume":"71","author":"Depue","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3727\/000000006783980928","article-title":"Prenatal and perinatal risk factors and testicular cancer: A hospital-based case-control study","volume":"16","author":"Sonke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.01.006","article-title":"The economics of bladder cancer: Costs and considerations of caring for this disease","volume":"66","author":"Svatek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156965","article-title":"Genetic variants of antioxidant enzymes and environmental exposures as molecular biomarkers associated with the risk and aggressiveness of bladder cancer","volume":"843","author":"Cozar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/109158199225260","article-title":"Determining the Potential of Aromatic Amines to Induce Cancer of the Urinary Bladder","volume":"18","author":"Freudenthal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22345","article-title":"4-nitrophenol exposure in T24 human bladder cancer cells promotes proliferation, motilities, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"61","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellerin, \u00c8., Pellerin, F.A., Chabaud, S., Pouliot, F., Bolduc, S., and Pelletier, M. (2022). Bisphenols A and S Alter the Bioenergetics and Behaviours of Normal Urothelial and Bladder Cancer Cells. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14164011"},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellerin, \u00c8., Chabaud, S., Pouliot, F., Pelletier, M., and Bolduc, S. (2021). Bisphenol A Alters the Energy Metabolism of Stromal Cells and Could Promote Bladder Cancer Progression. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215461"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.04.022","article-title":"Estrogen receptors in urogenital schistosomiasis and bladder cancer: Estrogen receptor alpha-mediated cell proliferation","volume":"38","author":"Bernardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101566","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"35","author":"Kiess","year":"2021","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_374","unstructured":"Damstra, T., Barlow, S., Bergman, A., Kavlock, R., and Der Kraak, G.V. (2002). Global Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112584","article-title":"Impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals on reproduction in wildlife and humans","volume":"208","author":"Marlatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30129-7","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Implications for human health","volume":"8","author":"Kahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408989","article-title":"Bisphenol S and F: A Systematic Review and Comparison of the Hormonal Activity of Bisphenol A Substitutes","volume":"123","author":"Rochester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_378","first-page":"1844E","article-title":"Assessment of new information on Bisphenol S (BPS) submitted in response to the Decision 1 under REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907\/2006","volume":"17","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_379","first-page":"e06857","article-title":"Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs","volume":"21","author":"Processing","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_380","unstructured":"(2010). Rapport sur la Biosurveillance Humaine des Substances Chimiques de L\u2019environnement au Canada."},{"key":"ref_381","unstructured":"SafeGuardS (2024, October 14). Brazil Bans BPA in Baby Feeding Bottles. Available online: https:\/\/www.sgs.com\/en-ca\/news\/2021\/09\/safeguards-12621-brazil-issues-legislation-for-baby-bottles-and-teats."},{"key":"ref_382","unstructured":"SafeGuardS (2024, October 14). Sweden Bans BPA in Food Packaging Paints and Coatings for Young Children. Available online: https:\/\/newsletter.sgs.com\/eNewsletterPro\/uploadedimages\/000006\/sgs-safeguards-03013-sweden-bans-bpa-in-food-packaging-paints-and-coatings-for-young-childen-a4-en-13.pdf."},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30128-5","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Economic, regulatory, and policy implications","volume":"8","author":"Kassotis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00872-x","article-title":"The regulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals to minimize their impact on health","volume":"19","author":"Maffini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_385","unstructured":"(2017). Prohibition of Children\u2019s Toys and Child Care Articles Containing Specified Phthalates: Revision of Determinations Regarding Certain Plastics."},{"key":"ref_386","unstructured":"European Union (2024, October 14). Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending for the 22nd time Council Directive on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administration provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (phthalates in toys and childcare articles). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32005L0084R(02)."},{"key":"ref_387","unstructured":"European Union (2024, October 14). Commission regulation European Union amending Annex XVII to Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2018\/2005\/oj."},{"key":"ref_388","unstructured":"European Commission (2024, October 14). Permanent ban of phthalates: Commission hails long-term safety for children\u2019s toys. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/ip_05_838."},{"key":"ref_389","unstructured":"European Chemistry Agency (2024, October 14). Annex XV, Restriction report: Proposal for a restriction. 1.2 ed.. Available online: https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/documents\/10162\/1c480180-ece9-1bdd-1eb8-0f3f8e7c0c49."},{"key":"ref_390","first-page":"5838","article-title":"Update of the risk assessment of di-butylphthalate (DBP), butyl-benzyl-phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP) and di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials","volume":"17","author":"Silano","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_391","unstructured":"(2023). Draft Proposed Approach for Cumulative Risk Assessment of High-Priority Phthalates and a Manufacturer-Requested Phthalate Under the Toxic Substances Control Act."},{"key":"ref_392","unstructured":"(2011). Commission regulation on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food, European Union."},{"key":"ref_393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Qian, H. (2021). Phthalates and Their Impacts on Human Health. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9050603"},{"key":"ref_394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116941","article-title":"A critical review on human internal exposure of phthalate metabolites and the associated health risks","volume":"279","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400902729226","article-title":"Phthalate risks, phthalate regulation, and public health: A review","volume":"12","author":"Kamrin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_396","unstructured":"(2005). Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Maximum Residue Levels of Pesticides in or on Food and Feed of Plant and Animal Origin and Amending Council Directive, European Union."},{"key":"ref_397","first-page":"8753","article-title":"The 2022 European Union report on pesticide residues in food","volume":"22","author":"Luis","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.104864","article-title":"Compounded conservatism in European re-entry worker risk assessment of pesticides","volume":"121","author":"Kluxen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacon, M.-H., Vandelac, L., Gagnon, M.-A., and Parent, L. (2023). Poisoning Regulation, Research, Health, and the Environment: The Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Case in Canada. Toxics., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020121"},{"key":"ref_400","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2024, October 14). Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program Fiscal Year 2021 Pesticide Report Food and Drug Administration, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/pesticides\/pesticide-residue-monitoring-program-reports-and-data."},{"key":"ref_401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114372","article-title":"Controversies over human health and ecological impacts of glyphosate: Is it to be banned in modern agriculture?","volume":"263","author":"Meftaul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0488-0","article-title":"The USA lags behind other agricultural nations in banning harmful pesticides","volume":"18","author":"Donley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novotny, E. (2022). Glyphosate, Roundup and the Failures of Regulatory Assessment. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10060321"},{"key":"ref_404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-208463","article-title":"Is it time to reassess current safety standards for glyphosate-based herbicides?","volume":"71","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.01.011","article-title":"An approach to the identification and regulation of endocrine disrupting pesticides","volume":"78","author":"Ewence","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601544","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2019.1601544","article-title":"Pesticide regulations and their malpractice implications on food and environment safety","volume":"5","author":"Zikankuba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., and Jennings, A. (2017). Worldwide Regulations of Standard Values of Pesticides for Human Health Risk Control: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070826"},{"key":"ref_408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14010002","article-title":"The Potential for Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine Disruption in Triclosan and Triclocarban Assessed through a Combination of In Vitro Methods","volume":"14","author":"Chrz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Xenobiotics"},{"key":"ref_409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1021\/tx5000156","article-title":"Progression of breast cancer cells was enhanced by endocrine-disrupting chemicals, triclosan and octylphenol, via an estrogen receptor-dependent signaling pathway in cellular and mouse xenograft models","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Xenobiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4713\/14\/4\/99\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:45:08Z","timestamp":1760114708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4713\/14\/4\/99"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":409,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jox14040099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jox14040099","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4713"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4713","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}}}