{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:16:02Z","timestamp":1791645362864,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) under the Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme","award":["101057014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057014"]}]},{"name":"European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) under the Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme","award":["PRIN2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN2017"]}]},{"name":"European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) under the Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme","award":["PRIN2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","award":["101057014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057014"]}]},{"name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","award":["PRIN2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN2017"]}]},{"name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","award":["PRIN2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic substances that are able to interfere with hormonal systems and alter their physiological signaling. EDCs have been recognized as a public health issue due to their widespread use, environmental persistence and the potential levels of long-term exposure with implications in multiple pathological conditions. Their reported adverse effects pose critical concerns about their use, warranting their strict regulation. This is the case of bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known EDC whose tolerable daily intake (TDI) was re-evaluated in 2023 by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the immune system has been identified as the most sensitive to BPA exposure. Increasing scientific evidence indicates that EDCs can interfere with several hormone receptors, pathways and interacting proteins, resulting in a complex, cell context-dependent response that may differ among tissues. In this regard, the neuronal and immune systems are important targets of hormonal signaling and are now emerging as critical players in endocrine disruption. Here, we use BPA and its analogs as proof-of-concept EDCs to address their detrimental effects on the immune and nervous systems and to highlight complex interrelationships within the immune\u2013neuroendocrine network (INEN). Finally, we propose that Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1), an important target for EDCs and a valuable screening tool, could serve as a central hub in our toxicology model to explain bisphenol-mediated adverse effects on the INEN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T03:33:02Z","timestamp":1737084782000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Endocrine Disrupting Toxicity of Bisphenol A and Its Analogs: Implications in the Neuro-Immune Milieu"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1728-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Buoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12\/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0919-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational and Chemical Biology, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6055-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta Valeria","family":"Limosani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12\/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Oliviero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12\/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12\/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-6704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Iulini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca Carlotta","family":"Passoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7185-7808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Racchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12\/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6927-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Corsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buoso, E., Masi, M., Racchi, M., and Corsini, E. 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