{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:15:38Z","timestamp":1791954938904,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is recognized as an intermediate stage between normal aging and dementia. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, playing a crucial role. This study aimed to investigate the differences in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with MCI compared to FDA-approved biomarkers, based on age, sex, and education level. Participants aged 55\u201390 years old were categorized into three groups based on FDA-approved biomarkers, especially the CSF A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratio and clinical screening assessments: 30 MCI (A+) patients with abnormal CSF A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratios (Group A), 30 MCI (A\u2212) patients with normal CSF A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratios (Group B), and 30 healthy (A\u2212) participants with normal CSF A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratios (Group C). The measurements of CSF FDA-approved biomarkers were performed using an automated immunochemical method (Fujirebio, Inc.), while MDA determination was performed using a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay technique (ELK Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). Our results showed that the mean CSF MDA values were significantly lower in group C than in group A (83 ng\/mL vs. 130 ng\/mL, p = 0.024) and group B (83 ng\/mL vs. 142 ng\/mL, p = 0.011), respectively. Differences in serum and CSF MDA levels were presented in the study groups based on sex, age, and education level. These findings suggest that lipid peroxidation, as indicated by CSF MDA, could serve as a potential biomarker for the early recognition of MCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15020050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:21:04Z","timestamp":1743398464000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Malondialdehyde Levels in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0353-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavroula","family":"Ioannidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6561-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Argyrios","family":"Ginoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kali","family":"Makedou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2072-8010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Tsolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greek Association of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54248 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0719-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenia","family":"Lymperaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators (2022). 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