{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T08:53:58Z","timestamp":1780736038239,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, an increasing number of case reports have mentioned the presence of illicit nootropics, smart drugs or mind doping products on the market. To better understand the extent of the problem, a market surveillance study was organised by the General European Official Medicines Control Laboratory Network and associated member Australia to detect substandard, falsified or illegal medicines or dietary supplements containing unauthorised nootropic molecules of natural or synthetic origin. From January 2020 to September 2024, 159 different samples were documented, which yielded a comprehensive dataset of 166 molecular identification entries. Within this dataset, 34 distinct molecules were identified. Most samples were sold or presented as dietary supplements (49%) or medicines (32%). The vast majority (69%) were collected from the illegal market. Prescription drugs and non-authorised drugs only available on prescription in Russia were found in pharmacological quantities; some of the latter (noopept, phenylpiracetam and phenibut) were intercepted as large bulk quantities of raw material. Unauthorised novel foods, prescription or higher amounts of melatonin, and clinically uncharacterised research molecules were also reported. This study highlights the need for more active monitoring and screening of such products, as consumption of some of the reported samples could have detrimental health effects. Furthermore, as a large number of the samples were presented as dietary supplements, consumers may not be aware of the possible dangers and side-effects of these products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15030088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T11:08:31Z","timestamp":1749208111000},"page":"88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Occurrence of Illicit Smart Drugs or Nootropics in Europe and Australia and Their Associated Dangers: Results from a Market Surveillance Study by 12 Official Medicines Control Laboratories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6634-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celine","family":"Vanhee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Service of Medicines and Health Products, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6980-6684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Deconinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Service of Medicines and Health Products, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutic Goods Administration Laboratories, Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, P.O. Box 100, Woden, ACT 2606, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutic Goods Administration Laboratories, Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, P.O. Box 100, Woden, ACT 2606, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hackl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGES\u2014\u00d6sterreichische Agentur f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Ern\u00e4hrungssicherheit GmbH, Spargelfeldstra\u00dfe 191, A-1220 Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Wollein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy (OMCL), Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority LGL\u2014Bayern, Veterin\u00e4rstra\u00dfe 2, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"El-Atma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Institute of Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Karlsruhe, Wei\u00dfenburger Str. 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Beerbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Lebensmittel und Arzneimittel, Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg-Institut f\u00fcr Lebensmittel, Arzneimittel, Tierseuchen und Umwelt, Rudower Chaussee 39, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Aureli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci Reparto Farmaci Chimici, Direttore, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4593-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Borioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci Reparto Farmaci Chimici, Direttore, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Poplawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medicines Institute, 30\/34 Chelmska Str., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Blazewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medicines Institute, 30\/34 Chelmska Str., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Roschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9, Rue Louis Rech 1, L-3555 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Marson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9, Rue Louis Rech 1, L-3555 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnolia","family":"Mendoza Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Pharmaceutical Division, Medicines for Human Use Department, Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS), Calle Campezo 1, Edificio 8, E-28022 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Hakkarainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Medical Products Agency, Box 26, Dag Hammarskj\u00f6lds v\u00e4g 42, SE-751 03 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Blomgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Medical Products Agency, Box 26, Dag Hammarskj\u00f6lds v\u00e4g 42, SE-751 03 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Bakker-\u2018t Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. 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