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Cationic surfactants are effective antimicrobial agents; however, traditional quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are increasingly scrutinized due to their cytotoxicity, poor biodegradability, and harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems. While the antimicrobial efficacy of many new biocides, including QACs, has been extensively studied, comprehensive experimental strategies that simultaneously assess antimicrobial activity, mammalian cell toxicity, and ecotoxicity remain limited. Recent studies have reported that amino-acid-based surfactants containing arginine-phenylalanine and arginine-tryptophan exhibit excellent antibacterial activity and are biodegradable. This work extends their biological characterization to evaluate their potential applications. Specifically, we examined how variations in the head group architecture and hydrophobic moiety influence antifungal and antibiofilm activity. We also assessed how these structural parameters impact cytotoxicity and ecotoxicity. These compounds demonstrated strong activity against a wide range of Candida strains. Their hydrophobic character primarily influenced both antifungal efficacy and cytotoxicity. Importantly, these surfactants exhibited potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Notably, their aquatic toxicity was significantly lower than that of conventional QACs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15050140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T15:15:57Z","timestamp":1756912557000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Arginine-Derived Cationic Surfactants Containing Phenylalanine and Tryptophan: Evaluation of Antifungal Activity, Biofilm Eradication, Cytotoxicity, and Ecotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9967-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Teresa","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C\/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2336-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Carmen","family":"Mor\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia\u2014IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4273-9084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C\/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakaria","family":"Hafidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C\/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4215-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C\/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9445-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C\/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Biotechnology, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3696-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C\/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden Killers: Human, Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. 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