{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T21:54:20Z","timestamp":1788299660351,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the use of spent coffee waste as a green precursor of polyphenolic compounds, which are subsequently employed as reducing agents for the synthesis of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) aimed at the efficient removal of dyes from aqueous systems, has been investigated. The nanoparticles, generated in situ in the presence of controlled amounts of hydrogen peroxide, were applied in the removal of organic dyes\u2014including methylene blue, methyl orange, and orange G\u2014through a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalytic process. The synthesized nZVI were thoroughly characterized by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). A statistical design of experiments and response surface methodology were employed to evaluate the effect of polyphenol, Fe(III), and H2O2 concentrations on dye removal efficiency. Results showed that under optimized conditions, a 100% removal efficiency could be achieved. This work highlights the potential of nZVI synthesized from agro-industrial waste through sustainable routes as an effective solution for water remediation, contributing to circular economy strategies and environmental protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15050158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T08:20:28Z","timestamp":1759393228000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Coffee Waste as a Green Precursor for Iron Nanoparticles: Toward Circular, Efficient and Eco-Friendly Dye Removal from Aqueous Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rasero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica e Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0331-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Garrido-Zoido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica e Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Mar","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Direcci\u00f3n de Empresas y Sociolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas y Empresariales, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6519-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Manuel","family":"Cuerda-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica e Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Francisca","family":"Alexandre-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica e Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.06.118","article-title":"Circular Economy Scientific Knowledge in the European Union and China: A Bibliometric, Network and Survey Analysis (2006\u20132016)","volume":"197","author":"Turkeli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2259","article-title":"Mapping Circular Economy Activities in the European Union: Patterns of Implementation and Their Correlates in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Env."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaza, S., Yao, L.C., Bhada-Tata, P., and Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050, World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1329-0"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.10.008","article-title":"Exploitation of Food Industry Waste for High-Value Products","volume":"34","author":"Ravindran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2019.122171","article-title":"New Powder Material Obtained from Spent Coffee Ground and Whey Protein; Thermal and Morphological Analysis","volume":"240","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2024.104411","article-title":"Coffee: A Comprehensive Overview of Origin, Market, and the Quality Process","volume":"146","author":"Freitas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-021-05032-5","article-title":"The Wastes of Coffee Bean Processing for Utilization in Food: A Review","volume":"59","author":"Arya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2022.104259","article-title":"Green Sustainable Photothermal Materials by Spent Coffee Grounds","volume":"137","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127509","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Environmental Application of Iron-Based Nanomaterials and Nanocomposite: A Review","volume":"259","author":"Mondal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2016.10.008","article-title":"Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Green Tea Extracts for the Fenton-like Degradation of Concentrated Dye Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures","volume":"4","author":"Truskewycz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109591","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated Bioremediation as a Powerful Weapon in the Removal of Environmental Pollutants","volume":"11","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.01.003","article-title":"Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts","volume":"31","author":"Mittal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2023.01.003","article-title":"Visible-Light-Driven Super-Active Sn and GO Single- and Sn\/Cu Co-Doped Nanophotocatalysts for Phenol Degradation: Thin-Film Printability, Thermal Stability, and Cytotoxicity Assay","volume":"120","author":"Nejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamad, M.T.M.H., and El-Sesy, M.E. (2023). Adsorptive Removal of Levofloxacin and Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Hospital Wastewater by Nano-Zero-Valent Iron and Nano-Copper Using Kinetic Studies and Response Surface Methodology. Bioresour. Bioprocess., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-022-00616-1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045703","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/acbe76","article-title":"The Photocatalytic Dye Degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) by Nanostructured ZnO under UV Irradiation","volume":"98","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-023-05464-3","article-title":"Sonocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Using Spindle Shaped Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"27","author":"Gadge","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Wang, S., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Xiao, Y., and Cheng, Y. (2023). Quaternary Ammonium Groups Modified Magnetic Cyclodextrin Polymers for Highly Efficient Dye Removal and Sterilization in Water Purification. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010167"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138238","article-title":"A Carbon Based-Screen-Printed Electrode Amplified with Two-Dimensional Reduced Graphene\/Fe3O4 Nanocomposite as Electroanalytical Sensor for Monitoring 4-Aminophenol in Environmental Fluids","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136825","article-title":"Synergistic Role of In-Situ Zr-Doping and Cobalt Oxide Cocatalysts on Photocatalytic Bacterial Inactivation and Organic Pollutants Removal over Template-Free Fe2O3 Nanorods","volume":"310","author":"Manikandan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159186","article-title":"Surfactant-Enhanced Reduction of Soil-Adsorbed Nitrobenzene by Carbon-Coated NZVI: Enhanced Desorption and Mechanism","volume":"856","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.09.039","article-title":"Construction of Ag Nanocluster-Modified Ag3PO4 Containing Silver Vacancies via in-Situ Reduction: With Enhancing the Photocatalytic Degradation Activity of Sulfamethoxazole","volume":"629","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116596","article-title":"Assessment of Bimetallic Zn\/Fe0 Nanoparticles Stabilized Tween-80 and Rhamnolipid Foams for the Remediation of Diesel Contaminated Clay Soil","volume":"325","author":"Priyadarshini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"100769","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Antidesma Acidum Leaf Extract: Its Application in Textile Organic Dye Degradation","volume":"19","author":"Basumatary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manage."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-022-04123-w","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine-B by Phytosynthesized Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Rather","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2016-0133","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles Using Stinging Nettle (Urtica Dioica) Leaf Extract","volume":"6","author":"Ebrahiminezhad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Process. Synth."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suazo-Hern\u00e1ndez, J., Sep\u00falveda, P., C\u00e1ceres-Jensen, L., Castro-Rojas, J., Poblete-Grant, P., Bolan, N., and Mora, M.d.l.L. (2023). NZVI-Based Nanomaterials Used for Phosphate Removal from Aquatic Systems. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13030399"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-020-03616-z","article-title":"Catalytic Degradation of Hazardous Textile Dyes by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared from Raphanus Sativus Leaves\u2019 Extract: A Greener Approach","volume":"31","author":"Balu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.12.033","article-title":"Green Production of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles Using Tree Leaf Extracts","volume":"445\u2013446","author":"Machado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rasero, C., Alexandre-Franco, M.F., Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Montes, V., and Cuerda-Correa, E.M. (2024). Valorizing Tea Waste: Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles for Efficient Dye Removal from Water. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13091059"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandre-Franco, M.F., Rodr\u00edguez-Rasero, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Trejo, A., Casas-Pulido, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., and Cuerda-Correa, E.M. (2024). Leveraging the Potential of In Situ Green-Synthesized Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (NZVI) for Advanced Oxidation of Clinical Dyes in Water. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14156558"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4748","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0104681","article-title":"HPLC-DAD-ESIMS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Nectarines, Peaches, and Plums","volume":"49","author":"Gil","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Frisch, M.J., Trucks, G.W., Schlegel, H.B., Scuseria, G.E., Robb, M.A., Cheeseman, J.R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Petersson, G.A., and Nakatsuji, H. (2016). Gaussian, 16, Revision A.03, Gaussian, Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/gaussian.com\/man\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00214-007-0310-x","article-title":"The M06 Suite of Density Functionals for Main Group Thermochemistry, Thermochemical Kinetics, Noncovalent Interactions, Excited States, and Transition Elements: Two New Functionals and Systematic Testing of Four M06-Class Functionals and 12 Other Functionals","volume":"120","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theor. Chem. Acc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6378","DOI":"10.1021\/jp810292n","article-title":"Universal Solvation Model Based on Solute Electron Density and on a Continuum Model of the Solvent Defined by the Bulk Dielectric Constant and Atomic Surface Tensions","volume":"113","author":"Marenich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00326a036","article-title":"Density Functional Approach to the Frontier-Electron Theory of Chemical Reactivity","volume":"106","author":"Parr","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1021\/jp046577a","article-title":"New Dual Descriptor for Chemical Reactivity","volume":"109","author":"Morell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.22885","article-title":"Multiwfn: A Multifunctional Wavefunction Analyzer","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, T., and Chen, Q. (2022). Realization of Conceptual Density Functional Theory and Information-Theoretic Approach in Multiwfn Program. Conceptual Density Functional Theory, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527829941.ch31"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7855(96)00018-5","article-title":"VMD: Visual Molecular Dynamics","volume":"14","author":"Humphrey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2016.09.003","article-title":"A Novel Green Synthesis of Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles (NZVI) Using Three Plant Extracts and Their Efficient Application for Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions","volume":"28","author":"Fazlzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponder, A., Krak\u00f3wko, K., Kruk, M., Kuli\u0144ski, S., Mago\u0144, R., Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski, D., Jarien\u00e8, E., and Hallmann, E. (2025). Organic and Conventional Coffee Beans, Infusions, and Grounds as a Rich Sources of Phenolic Compounds in Coffees from Different Origins. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30061290"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.02.045","article-title":"Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions with Untreated Coffee Residues as Potential Low-Cost Adsorbents: Equilibrium, Reuse and Thermodynamic Approach","volume":"189\u2013190","author":"Kyzas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s11595-022-2538-7","article-title":"Fe Nanoparticles Synthesized by Pomegranate Leaves for Treatment of Malachite Green","volume":"37","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1021\/sc400174a","article-title":"Iron Complex Nanoparticles Synthesized by Eucalyptus Leaves","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111262","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticle by Tea Extract (Polyphenols) and Its Selective Removal of Cationic Dyes","volume":"275","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.130412","article-title":"Novel Synthesis of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron from Iron Ore Tailings and Green Tea for the Removal of Methylene Blue","volume":"656","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115240","article-title":"Efficient Heterogeneous Fenton-like Degradation of Methylene Blue Using Green Synthesized Yeast Supported Iron Nanoparticles","volume":"263","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107401","article-title":"Catalytic Propensity of Biochar Decorated with Core-Shell NZVI@Fe3O4: A Sustainable Photo-Fenton Catalysis of Methylene Blue Dye and Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol","volume":"10","author":"Bashir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1021\/ie403402q","article-title":"Degradation Mechanism of Methylene Blue in a Heterogeneous Fenton-like Reaction Catalyzed by Ferrocene","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.7b00379","article-title":"Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Methylene Blue Degradation Using Reactive Adsorption and Its Comparison with Adsorption","volume":"62","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128556","article-title":"Photocatalytic Pathway on the Degradation of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetite Nanoparticles","volume":"318","author":"Possolli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.102987","article-title":"Tracking the Degradation Pathway of Three Model Aqueous Pollutants in a Heterogeneous Fenton Process","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140406","article-title":"Catalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet and Methyl Orange in Heterogeneous Fenton-like Processes","volume":"344","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.10.030","article-title":"Degradation of Orange G by Fenton-like Reaction with Fe-Impregnated Biochar Catalyst","volume":"249","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.12.037","article-title":"Oxidation of Orange G by Persulfate Activated by Fe(II), Fe(III) and Zero Valent Iron (ZVI)","volume":"101","author":"Vasquez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Journal of Xenobiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4713\/15\/5\/158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T08:59:58Z","timestamp":1759395598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4713\/15\/5\/158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jox15050158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jox15050158","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4713"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4713","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]}}}