{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:45:44Z","timestamp":1791384344854,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intensive use of pesticides in agriculture poses serious risks to aquatic ecosystems and non-target organisms, yet toxicological data remain limited. This study evaluated the acute effects of three widely used pesticides\u2014pirimiphos-methyl (10 and 60 \u03bcg\/L), propamocarb hydrochloride (40 and 80 \u03bcg\/L), and 2,4-D (50 and 100 \u03bcg\/L)\u2014on the liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758), a sentinel species in aquaculture, but also a species equally important in risk assessment and environmental monitoring. Fish were exposed for 96 h under controlled conditions, and histopathological, histochemical, and biochemical biomarkers were analyzed. All tested pesticides induced significant histopathological alterations, predominantly circulatory and degenerative changes, with severity increasing at higher concentrations. Propamocarb hydrochloride and 2,4-D caused more pronounced and partly irreversible hepatotoxicity compared to pirimiphos-methyl. The histochemical assessment revealed altered glycogen metabolism, while the biochemical assays showed inhibition of key liver enzymes, including ALAT, ASAT, ChE, and LDH, indicating disrupted metabolic processes. These findings highlight the vulnerability of aquatic organisms to pesticide exposure and support the use of fish liver biomarkers as effective tools in ecotoxicology research. The study also emphasizes the need for stricter regulation and environmental monitoring of pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox16010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:41:34Z","timestamp":1769164894000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Hepatic Toxicity of Pesticides in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758): An Integrated Histopathological, Histochemical, and Enzymatic Biomarker Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-1990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesela","family":"Yancheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stela","family":"Stoyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elenka","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Kovacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3922-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Bojarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology and Environment, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9831-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Antal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrobiology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2424-0327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ifeanyi Emmanuel","family":"Uzochukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrobiology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"P\u00e1l Juh\u00e1sz-Nagy Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9848-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"Nyeste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrobiology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.06.207","article-title":"Occurrence of pesticides in Dutch drinking water sources","volume":"235","author":"Sjerps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syafrudin, M., Kristanti, R.A., Yuniarto, A., Hadibarata, T., Rhee, J., Al-Onazi, W.A., Algarni, T.S., Almarri, A.H., and Al-Mohaimeed, A.M. 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