{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:52:11Z","timestamp":1790823131121,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread use of modern insecticide formulations underscores the need for mechanistic evaluation of their potential renal toxicity. This study investigated the nephrotoxic effects of Ampligo\u00ae 150 ZC, a binary formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole, in female rabbits under subacute exposure conditions, with particular emphasis on apoptosis-related and epithelial integrity biomarkers, and evaluated the protective effects of thyme essential oil (TEO) and vitamin C. Rabbits were allocated into four groups: control, AP, AP + TEO, and AP + TEO + vitamin C. Ampligo (AP) exposure resulted in significant renal dysfunction, as evidenced by elevated biochemical biomarkers and marked histopathological lesions. At the molecular level, AP induced p53 upregulation alongside Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1 downregulation, suggesting apoptosis induction and cell cycle dysregulation. Moreover, reduced E-cadherin and \u03b2-catenin expressions indicated disruption of epithelial junction integrity and impaired renal structural homeostasis. Notably, co-administration of TEO and vitamin C markedly attenuated these alterations, improving biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters. Overall, these findings suggest that AP-driven nephrotoxicity may involve apoptotic and epithelial pathways under subacute exposure conditions, whereas antioxidant co-treatment may mitigate kidney injury, supporting the potential of natural antioxidants as adjuncts against pesticide-induced renal injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox16030074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1777465916000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Dysregulation in Ampligo\u00ae 150 ZC-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Female Rabbits: Protective Effects of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil and Vitamin C"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8751-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa","family":"Bechohra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology-Tamayouz (Biochemistry Team), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, P.O. Box 32 El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16111, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chahrazed","family":"Makhlouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Blida 1, Route de Soumaa, P.O. Box 270, Blida 09000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-1697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassina","family":"Khaldoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Blida 1, Route de Soumaa, P.O. Box 270, Blida 09000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4931-7290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira","family":"Aouichat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Team of Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms-Tamayouz, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, P.O. Box 32 El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16111, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0749-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amina","family":"Settar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agri-Food, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Blida 1, Route de Soumaa, P.O. Box 270, Blida 09000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalila","family":"Tarzaali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Blida 1, Route de Soumaa, P.O. Box 270, Blida 09000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nacera","family":"Lemlikchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cytology and Molecular Pathology, Mohamed-Lamine Debaghine University Hospital Center, Bab El Oued, Algiers 16008, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Bouhallel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cytology and Molecular Pathology, Mohamed-Lamine Debaghine University Hospital Center, Bab El Oued, Algiers 16008, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine","family":"Oularbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Forestry Zoology, Higher National School of Agronomy (ENSA), Algiers 16200, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Schahinez","family":"Terkmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies and Ethnobotany, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nacima","family":"Djennane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cytology and Molecular Pathology, Mohamed-Lamine Debaghine University Hospital Center, Bab El Oued, Algiers 16008, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degrendele, C., Proke\u0161, R., \u0160enk, P., J\u00edlkov\u00e1, S.R., Kohoutek, J., Melymuk, L., P\u0159ibylov\u00e1, P., Dalvie, M.A., R\u00f6\u00f6sli, M., and Kl\u00e1nov\u00e1, J. (2022). Human Exposure to Pesticides in Dust from Two Agricultural Sites in South Africa. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10100629"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak, V.M., Verma, V.K., Rawat, B.S., Kaur, B., Babu, N., Sharma, A., Dewali, S., Yadav, M., Kumari, R., and Singh, S. (2022). Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it\u2019s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.962619"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153706","article-title":"Redox imbalance and inflammation: A link to depression risk in brazilian pesticide-exposed farmers","volume":"501","author":"Zanchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parron-Carrillo, R., Nievas-Soriano, B.J., Parron-Carreno, T., Lozano-Paniagua, D., and Trigueros, R. (2024). Environmental Exposure to Pesticides and the Risk of Child Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030475"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74620-w","article-title":"Risk of genotoxic damage in schoolchildren exposed to organochloride pesticides","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherif, M., Makame, K.R., Ostlundh, L., Paulo, M.S., Nemmar, A., Ali, B.R., Al-Rifai, R.H., Nagy, K., and Adam, B. (2023). Genotoxicity of Occupational Pesticide Exposures among Agricultural Workers in Arab Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11080663"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102615","article-title":"Pesticide use and risk of end-stage renal disease among licensed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study","volume":"73","author":"Lebov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaa143","article-title":"Serum Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"113","author":"Shearer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobolev, V.E., Sokolova, M.O., Jenkins, R.O., and Goncharov, N.V. (2022). Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Organophosphate Nephrotoxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168855"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100376","article-title":"The alarming link between neonicotinoid insecticides and kidney injury","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117200","article-title":"Renal tubular dysfunction in greenhouse farmers exposed to pesticides unveiled by a panel of molecular biomarkers of kidney injury","volume":"238","author":"Requena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0270-9295(03)00094-9","article-title":"Toxic nephropathy: Environmental chemicals","volume":"23","author":"Schnellmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.01.005","article-title":"Xenobiotic transporters and kidney injury","volume":"116","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2014.12.009","article-title":"The normal and pathologic renal medulla: A comprehensive overview","volume":"211","author":"Lopez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"5059865","article-title":"Evaluation of Different Rates of Ampligo Insecticide against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith); Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Coastal Savannah Agroecological Zone of Ghana","volume":"2022","author":"Osae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Agric."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sisay, B., Tefera, T., Wakgari, M., Ayalew, G., and Mendesil, E. (2019). The Efficacy of Selected Synthetic Insecticides and Botanicals against Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Maize. Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10020045"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.56557\/upjoz\/2024\/v45i53940","article-title":"Efficacy of Chlorantraniliprole in Combination with Lambdacyhalothrin (Ampligo 150 ZC) Against the Leaf Folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) in Rice Field","volume":"45","author":"Meena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Uttar Pradesh J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108455","article-title":"Ascorbic acid modulates testicular toxicity of Ampligo\u00ae 150 ZC insecticide in male rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"121","author":"Tarzaali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.108833","article-title":"Ampligo\u00ae 150 ZC affect the expression of sex hormone receptors and cell proliferation marker in female rabbit ovary: Protective effects of thyme essential oil and vitamin C","volume":"132","author":"Makhlouf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy256","article-title":"Comparison of Chlorantraniliprole and Flubendiamide Activity Toward Wild-Type and Malignant Hyperthermia-Susceptible Ryanodine Receptors and Heat Stress Intolerance","volume":"167","author":"Truong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.11.180","article-title":"The insecticide chlorantraniliprole is a weak activator of mammalian skeletal ryanodine receptor\/Ca(2+) release channel","volume":"508","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"297","article-title":"Sub-Acute and Sub-Chronic Effect of Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen\u00ae 20% SC) on Albino Rat","volume":"8","author":"AbdelMobdy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Prot. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"23","article-title":"Impact of intrauterine exposure to the insecticide coragen on the developmental and genetic toxicity in female albino rats","volume":"9","author":"Omar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"71","article-title":"Environmental chemistry, ecotoxicity, and fate of lambda-cyhalothrin","volume":"195","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieradko-Iwanicka, B., and Konopelko, M. (2020). Effect of Lambdacyhalothrin on Locomotor Activity, Memory, Selected Biochemical Parameters, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, and Interleukin 1ss in a Mouse Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249240"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2020.108943","article-title":"Acute toxicity of organophosphate pesticide profenofos, pyrethroid pesticide lambda cyhalothrin and biopesticide azadirachtin and their sublethal effects on growth and oxidative stress enzymes in benthic oligochaete worm, Tubifex tubifex","volume":"242","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120682","article-title":"Imidacloprid: Comparative toxicity, DNA damage, ROS production and risk assessment for aquatic non-target organisms","volume":"316","author":"Nugnes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38661-1","article-title":"Lambda-cyhalothrin-induced pancreatic toxicity in adult albino rats","volume":"13","author":"Sakr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2009.08.004","article-title":"Toxic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, on the rat kidney: Involvement of oxidative stress and protective role of ascorbic acid","volume":"62","author":"Fetoui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2240","article-title":"Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in the Kidney and Adrenal Gland of Rats Following Repeated Exposure to Lambda-Cyhalothrin","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Xenobiotics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8323-4","article-title":"Pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin and its metabolites induce liver injury through the activation of oxidative stress and proinflammatory gene expression in rats following acute and subchronic exposure","volume":"24","author":"Aouey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eas.2023.100029","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin-contaminated feed exposure on the liver and testes of adult male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"8","author":"Kobir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Anim. Species"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113434","article-title":"Neurotoxicity induced by the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin: Alterations in monoaminergic systems and dopaminergic and serotoninergic pathways in the rat brain","volume":"169","author":"Ares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohi El-Din, M.M., Mostafa, A.M., and Abd-Elkader, A. (2014). Experimental studies on the effect of (Lambda-Cyhalothrin) insecticide on lungs and the ameliorating effect of plant extracts (Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) on asthma development in albino rats. BMC Res. Notes, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-243"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sajad, M., Shabir, S., Singh, S.K., Bhardwaj, R., Alsanie, W.F., Alamri, A.S., Alhomrani, M., Alsharif, A., Vamanu, E., and Singh, M.P. (2024). Role of nutraceutical against exposure to pesticide residues: Power of bioactive compounds. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1342881"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62975","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15190-w","article-title":"Protective effects of rutin against deltamethrin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats via regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis","volume":"28","author":"Kandemir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.009","article-title":"Dual immunological and oxidative responses in Oreochromis niloticus fish exposed to lambda cyhalothrin and concurrently fed with Thyme powder (Thymus vulgaris L.): Stress and immune encoding gene expression","volume":"100","author":"Khalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2025.101959","article-title":"The effect of thyme essential oil on duodenal toxicity induced by subacute exposure to voliam targo(R) insecticide in male rabbits","volume":"14","author":"Khaldoun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"79","article-title":"Protective Effects of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil Against Voliam Targo\u00ae Induced Kidney and Brain Toxicity in Male Rabbits","volume":"13","author":"Bokreta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci. D. Histol. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beneficial effects of ascorbic acid on ivermectin repeated high-dose therapy in rabbits: Biochemical and histopathological investigations","volume":"11","author":"Chahrazed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europ. J. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153464","article-title":"Lambda cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole caused biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical alterations in male rabbit liver: Ameliorative effect of vitamins A, D, E, C mixture","volume":"487","author":"Settar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Q., Wang, B., Guo, F., Huang, R., Tan, Z., Ma, L., and Fu, P. (2021). Natural Flavonoid Pectolinarigenin Alleviated Hyperuricemic Nephropathy via Suppressing TGFbeta\/SMAD3 and JAK2\/STAT3 Signaling Pathways. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.792139"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153552","article-title":"Natural flavonol fisetin attenuated hyperuricemic nephropathy via inhibiting IL-6\/JAK2\/STAT3 and TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD3 signaling","volume":"87","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"15","article-title":"Toxic renal injury at a glance","volume":"1","author":"Gheshlaghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ren. Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrovici, A., Savu\u021ba, G., Lucini, C., Robea, M.-A., and Solcan, C. (2025). Combined Neurotoxic Effects of Commercial Formulations of Pyrethroid (Deltamethrin) and Neonicotinoid (Imidacloprid) Pesticides on Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Behavioral, Molecular, and Histopathological Analysis. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040538"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Bio-efficacy of Ampligo\u00ae 150 ZC (Chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + Lambda-cyhalothrin 4.6%) against leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii) in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)","volume":"19","author":"Floret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Arch."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115237","article-title":"Synergistic effects on oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrosis resulting from combined toxicity of three commonly used pesticides on HepG2 cells","volume":"263","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2025.110337","article-title":"Effects of short-term exposure to environmentally relevant pesticides mixture on morphological alterations, oxidative-nitrative stress biomarkers, cellular apoptosis, and antioxidant expression in kidneys of goldfish","volume":"299","author":"Cantu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, F., Huang, X., Chen, X., and Xian, Y. (2025). Hepatorenal protective effects of essential oils against chemical overexposure induced oxidative damage. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1580805"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chroho, M., Rouphael, Y., Petropoulos, S.A., and Bouissane, L. (2024). Carvacrol and Thymol Content Affects the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis Essential Oils. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13020139"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.21776\/ub.jels.2024.014.01.05","article-title":"Histological and Biochemical Evaluation of the Protective Potential of Ascorbate and Alpha-Tocopherol against Cypermethrin-Induced Toxicity","volume":"14","author":"Adeniyi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107977","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic disorders induced by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance mixtures in zebrafish larvae","volume":"176","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2021.104938","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in liver of male albino rats after exposing to sub-chronic intoxication of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and imidacloprid","volume":"178","author":"Taha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effects of lambda cyhalothrin insecticide formulation \u201cAmpligo\u00ae 150 ZC\u201d and vitamins C and E on rabbit liver: Biochemical, Histological and Morphometrical study","volume":"46","author":"Settar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Histol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"685","article-title":"Evaluation of nano and conventional forms of lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity in rats","volume":"70","author":"Bakheet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Assiut Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103373","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of L-carnitine on lambda-cyhalothrin-induced anatomical and reproductive aberrations in albino mice","volume":"29","author":"Alajmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C.-N., Hou, C.-Y., Chen, Y.-W., Chang-Chien, G.-P., Lin, S.-F., and Tain, Y.-L. (2025). Environmental Nephrotoxicity Across the Life Course: Oxidative Stress Mechanisms and Opportunities for Early Intervention. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14101205"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.33899\/ijvs.2020.126977.1425","article-title":"Pathological and biological effects of treatments with lambda-cyhalothrin in rabbits","volume":"35","author":"Boumezrag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.21037\/jlpm-22-1","article-title":"Biomarkers and kidney diseases: A brief narrative review","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lab. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"527","article-title":"Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extracts against Oxidative Stress Induced by Lambada Cyhalothrin Insecticides on Male Albino Rats","volume":"68","author":"Abdelrahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51152\/jbarbiomed.v6i1.1","article-title":"Assessment of the protective effects of vitamin C and E on cypermethrin-induced nephrotoxicity and electrolyte imbalance in wistar rats","volume":"6","author":"Oladele","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Res. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, E.T., Darssan, D., Karatela, S., Reid, S.A., and Osborne, N.J. (2021). Association of Pesticides and Kidney Function among Adults in the US Population 2001\u20132010. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-452983\/v1"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvand, S., Alatab, S., Dalvand, S., Shahraki-Sanavi, F., Kaykhaei, M.A., Shahraki, E., Barar, E., Sepanlou, S.G., and Ansari-Moghaddam, A. (2023). Association of indoor use of pesticides with CKD of unknown origin. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277151"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581819831701","article-title":"Kidney pathophysiology, toxicology, and drug-induced injury in drug development","volume":"38","author":"Radi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2022.2087003","article-title":"Protective effect of rutin and \u03b2-cyclodextrin against hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by lambda-cyhalothrin in Wistar rats: Biochemical, pathological indices and molecular analysis","volume":"27","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122694","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity: A comprehensive review of antioxidant mechanisms","volume":"338","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2023.503682","article-title":"Cytotoxic and genotoxic profiles of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin and its microformulation Karate\u00ae in CHO-K1 cells","volume":"891","author":"Laborde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174425100263","article-title":"Low-dose cyantraniliprole alters hepatorenal parameters in pubertal and adult male Wistar rats exposed during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23784","article-title":"Carvacrol protects against lambda-Cyhalothrin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy","volume":"38","author":"Ileriturk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"657026","article-title":"Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol, Constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil, on the Inflammatory Response","volume":"2012","author":"Kummer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"8738","article-title":"Carvacrol mitigates vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity via regulation of IkB\u03b1\/p38MAPK and Keap1\/Nrf2 signaling pathways: An experimental study with in silico evidence","volume":"23","author":"Khalaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-19-4552","article-title":"High-dose vitamin C alleviates pancreatic injury via the NRF2\/NQO1\/HO-1 pathway in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233711399311","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the blood of farm workers following intensive pesticide exposure","volume":"27","author":"Ogut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5563759","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5563759","article-title":"A Common Feature of Pesticides: Oxidative Stress\u2014The Role of Oxidative Stress in Pesticide-Induced Toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Sule","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i37","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft267","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 and the progression of renal disease","volume":"29","author":"Loeffler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_18","article-title":"Inflammatory Mediators and Renal Fibrosis","volume":"1165","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111784","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation in renal fibrosis: Novel molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"421","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.10.003","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2\/BMP proteins as therapeutic targets in renal fibrosis. Where have we arrived after 25years of trials and tribulations?","volume":"156","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15803","article-title":"Vitamin C alleviates hyperuricemia nephropathy by reducing inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, M., Zhang, Y., Hao, Y., Miao, J., Sun, G., Xiao, J., Yang, X., Zhang, J., and Shi, L. (2024). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Chinese Native Thyme Essential Oils with Different Chemotypes. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29246035"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2017.06.018","article-title":"Vitamin C deficiency exacerbates diabetic glomerular injury through activation of transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"1861","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18052","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18052","article-title":"Antioxidant therapy against TGF-beta\/SMAD pathway involved in organ fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Askari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, M.N., Rehman, N.U., Karim, A., Imam, F., and Hamad, A.M. (2021). Protective Effect of Thymus serrulatus Essential Oil on Cadmium-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats, through Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Downregulation of NF-\u03baB, iNOS, and Smad2 mRNA Expression. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051252"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10587","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO01384C","article-title":"Carvacrol preserves antioxidant status and attenuates kidney fibrosis via modulation of TGF-\u03b21\/Smad signaling and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Ram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2022-0603","article-title":"Immunohistochemical distribution of Bcl-2 and p53 apoptotic markers in acetamiprid-induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"17","author":"Nur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04505-w","article-title":"Emerging role of tumor suppressor p53 in acute and chronic kidney diseases","volume":"79","author":"Overstreet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06702-w","article-title":"Targeting tumor suppressor p53 for organ fibrosis therapy","volume":"15","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000605","article-title":"Acute kidney injury and maladaptive tubular repair leading to renal fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-27743-2","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis, oxidative stress, hormonal, and histological alterations in the reproductive system of thiamethoxam-exposed female rats","volume":"30","author":"Ghareeb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzam, S.M., Anwar, H.M., Abd El-Slam, A.H., Diab, M.S.M., Ibrahim, H.M., Yousef, A.M., Sabry, F.M., Darwish, I.A., Kaliyamoorthy, K., and Salem, G.E.M. (2025). The protective role of vitamin C against linezolid-induced hepato-renal toxicity in a rat model. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1551062"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5231","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424313112","article-title":"Mitigation of acute kidney injury by cell-cycle inhibitors that suppress both CDK4\/6 and OCT2 functions","volume":"112","author":"Pabla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586388","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2586388","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of p53 in kidney injury repair: A perspective on the p53alpha\/delta133p53alpha signaling axis","volume":"47","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.01.001","article-title":"Cell adhesion molecules in chemically-induced renal injury","volume":"114","author":"Prozialeck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.173","article-title":"Tubule-specific ablation of endogenous beta-catenin aggravates acute kidney injury in mice","volume":"82","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.153","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling in kidney injury and repair: A double-edged sword","volume":"96","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01878","article-title":"Kidney tubular \u03b2-catenin signaling controls interstitial fibroblast fate via epithelial-mesenchymal communication","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/nm888","article-title":"BMP-7 counteracts TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reverses chronic renal injury","volume":"9","author":"Zeisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000106015.29070.E7","article-title":"Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in renal fibrogenesis: Pathologic significance, molecular mechanism, and therapeutic intervention","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008060566","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling promotes renal interstitial fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Xenobiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4713\/16\/3\/74\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T13:36:56Z","timestamp":1777469816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4713\/16\/3\/74"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jox16030074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jox16030074","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4713"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4713","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]}}}