{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:27:42Z","timestamp":1785432462646,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-10279S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-10279S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22-10279S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-10279S"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01pv73b02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministry of Education Youth and Sports","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["90253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["90253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90253"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037n8p820","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to air pollution is linked to adverse health outcomes. To better reflect real-world conditions, we employed a mobile exposure system enabling direct field exposure of the human airway epithelial model MucilAir\u2122 to ambient air in a traffic-burdened locality. This study represents a follow-up to our previous work, in which a 5-day exposure period under extreme traffic-related pollution conditions resulted in premature cell loss. Under different meteorological conditions characterized by increased precipitation and lower particle number concentrations, MucilAir\u2122 cultures were exposed to traffic-polluted air for 2 days. The exposure resulted in a mild but significant increase in cytotoxicity markers, including lactate dehydrogenase release and elevated levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane, indicating induction of the cellular stress response rather than severe cytotoxicity. A transcriptomic analysis revealed extensive gene expression changes; the enrichment of the pathways related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon detoxification and amino acid biosynthesis suggests adaptive metabolic responses to oxidative and genotoxic stress. In parallel, the pathways associated with epithelial proliferation and repair, extracellular matrix organization, focal adhesion, and immune signaling were suppressed, indicating potential disruption of the epithelial homeostasis. Overall, these findings demonstrate that 2 days of exposure to real-world traffic-polluted air elicits adaptive stress responses in airway epithelial cells while simultaneously impairing the processes essential for epithelial integrity, potentially leading to airway dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox16030091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T08:06:26Z","timestamp":1779696386000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real-World Traffic-Polluted Air and Its Impact on a 3D Model of the Human Airway Epithelium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6927-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Sima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Libalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4993-0607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Simova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristyna","family":"Vrbova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonin","family":"Ambroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1753-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiri","family":"Klema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Czech Technical University in Prague, Karlovo Namesti 13, 121 35 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubos","family":"Dittrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402\/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Vojtisek-Lom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402\/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6921-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Rossner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GH000711","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GH000711","article-title":"Mortality Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: A Review of Global Estimates","volume":"7","author":"Pozzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2014). 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