{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:48:14Z","timestamp":1782820094538,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most airline passengers and crew assume that the air in the cabin is free from harmful or hazardous substances, as is mandated by airworthiness regulations. While fresh air entering the cabin is sterile (and if recirculated is usually efficiently filtered to remove microorganisms), if the fresh air is bled off the turbine compressors (as is the case in about 95% of airliners currently in service), it may be contaminated with traces of engine oil and ultrafine particles abraded from the turbine blades, and possibly traces of hydraulic fluid leaking from servo systems. Engine oil contains tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as an essential antiwear agent, but it is also a well-known neurotoxin, and it has been suggested that there may be no safe lower limit of exposure, not least because of considerable variation among individuals in sensitivity to tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (ToCP) and other isomers with at least one ortho constituent. This paper reviews current knowledge about these hazards and discusses the medical and economic motivations for diminishing them. A calculation based on maintaining the life quality index shows that eliminating xenobiotic hazards in aircraft cabin air is likely to be affordable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox16040119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:11:49Z","timestamp":1782234709000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Xenobiotic Hazards in Aircraft Cabin Air"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jeremy J.","family":"Ramsden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Recognition, Collegium Basilea (Institute of Advanced Study), 4053 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK"},{"name":"Department of Materials, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"Evaluation of present-day knowledge of cosmic radiation at extreme altitude in terms of the hazard to health","volume":"21","author":"Schaefer","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. 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