{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:19:33Z","timestamp":1788236373950,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia","award":["219-1080315-0288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["219-1080315-0288"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Xenobiotics","JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eastern Croatia includes settlements with historically elevated arsenic (As) concentrations in drinking water. Of 488 recruited adults, nine were excluded solely because no questionnaire was available; the exclusion was independent of measured arsenic concentrations, and the harmonised analytical cohort therefore comprised 479 adults from eight settlements. Total As concentrations in drinking water, hair, serum, and urine were measured in samples collected in June 2015 by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Kidney cancer data (ICD-10 C64) for 2000\u20132018 were obtained from the Croatian National Cancer Registry and analysed ecologically. MDCK1 cells were exposed to As2O3 at 10\u2013200 \u00b5g\/L for 48, 72, and 96 h, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in human erythrocytes. \u010cepin had the highest median As concentrations in drinking water (191.75 \u00b5g\/L) and urine (68.14 \u00b5g\/L). Across all eight settlements, drinking-water As was strongly associated with urinary As (slope = 0.537; 95% CI, 0.352\u20130.722; R2 = 0.894; p &lt; 0.001). However, in a sensitivity analysis excluding \u010cepin and using the seven non-\u010cepin settlement means reported, the association weakened (r = 0.740; R2 = 0.548; slope = 1.246; 95% CI, \u22120.054 to 2.547; p = 0.057), indicating substantial influence of the \u010cepin hotspot. Associations with hair As (R2 = 0.294; p = 0.165) and serum As (R2 = 0.239; p = 0.219) were not statistically significant. In a multivariable Gamma generalized linear model, residence in \u010cepin was associated with higher expected urinary As than residence in Vladislavci (adjusted mean ratio, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.90\u20134.42; p &lt; 0.001), while female sex was associated with a lower expected concentration (adjusted mean ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66\u20130.97; p = 0.024). No statistically significant effect of As2O3 on MDCK1 viability or erythrocyte AChE activity was observed. The findings support urinary total As as a biomarker of recent environmental exposure, but do not establish causal associations with kidney toxicity or kidney cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox16050165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:19:26Z","timestamp":1788232766000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Arsenic in Drinking Water and Human Biomonitoring in Eastern Croatia: An Exploratory Environmental Health Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Vidosavljevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health Center, Osijek-Baranja County, Park Kralja Petra Kre\u0161imira IV 6, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Study in Molecular Biosciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0621-5403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domagoj","family":"Vidosavljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10 E, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1412-3701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlatka","family":"Gvozdi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Ulica Cara Hadrijana 8\/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinko","family":"Puntari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Croatian Catholic University, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Jelavi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10 E, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7508-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"\u0160ekerija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Registry, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Andrija \u0160tampar School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Begovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, European University Br\u010dko District, Bijeljinska bb, 76100 Br\u010dko, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Venus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidija","family":"Kalini\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Ulica cara Hadrijana 8\/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(02)00268-0","article-title":"Arsenic round the world: A review","volume":"58","author":"Mandal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-010-0519-1","article-title":"Lifetime exposure to arsenic in residential drinking water in Central Europe","volume":"83","author":"Hough","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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