{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:08:20Z","timestamp":1788865700300,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025\/15628-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025\/15628-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025\/15628-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025\/15628-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Xenobiotics","JoX"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pesticides represent a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems due to their persistence and widespread use in agricultural areas, altering environments and exerting adverse effects on non-target organisms. Tebuthiuron is a phenylurea herbicide extensively used as an agrochemical to control pests and weeds in various crops, which often leads to contamination of aquatic environments. Despite its high water solubility and relatively long half-life in soil, studies on Tebuthiuron toxicity in fishes at environmental concentrations are limited. This study aimed to unravel the toxicity mechanisms of Tebuthiuron using the zebrafish model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to Tebuthiuron (one concentration of either 0.1, 10, 1000 and 5000 \u00b5g\/L) for 5 days and assessed for hatchability, heart rate, locomotor activity, oxygen reactive species, apoptosis and gene expression. There was no change in frequency of hatch, heart rate, or apoptosis. However, behavioral changes were noted, with hyperactivity in zebrafish larvae during the first light (at 10 \u00b5g\/L), second light (at 10 and 1000 \u00b5g\/L) and third dark (10 \u00b5g\/L) periods of the Visual Motor Response assay. Biochemically, a significant depletion of basal ROS levels was observed at 1000 \u00b5g\/L. At the molecular level, downregulation of oxidative stress-related genes (cat, sod1, and sod2) in larval fish was noted with exposure to 10 and 5000 \u00b5g\/L Tebuthiuron, suggesting a depletion of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, some neurotoxicity-related genes were downregulated, such as acetylcholinesterase (ache), while some genes were upregulated, like microtubule-associated protein tau b (maptb) and synapsin 2 alpha (syn2a), with 5000 \u00b5g\/L Tebuthiuron exposure. In conclusion, Tebuthiuron induces sublethal toxicity characterized by irregular, concentration-specific disruptions to photomotor behavior, basal ROS levels, and transcriptional markers of oxidative stress and synaptic function, even in the absence of acute morphological defects. Future research should prioritize functional assays targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics and antioxidant enzyme activities, alongside evaluations of later developmental stages, to fully elucidate the long-term ecological risks of phenylurea herbicides to non-target aquatic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jox16050166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:17:37Z","timestamp":1788862657000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Integrative Toxicological Assessment of the Herbicide Tebuthiuron: Elucidating Biochemical and Behavioral Responses in Developing Zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Giovane","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering School of S\u00e3o Carlos, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3575-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amany","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8454-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Ceren","family":"Kirgiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay 31060, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline Cristina","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn C.","family":"L\u00f3pez Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecotoxicolog\u00eda, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edfica y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe 3000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0921-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Martyniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, UF Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24029","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9966-5","article-title":"The herbicides trifluralin and tebuthiuron have no genotoxic or mutagenic potential as evidenced by genetic tests","volume":"24","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria (2026, July 03). Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o da Diretoria Colegiada\u2014RDC n\u00ba 36, de 25\/07\/2013, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/anvisa\/pt-br."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global pesticide use: Profile, trend, cost\/benefit and more","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Acad. Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21741","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04365-9","article-title":"Adsorption of tebuthiuron on hydrochar: Structural, kinetic, isothermal, and mechanistic modeling, and ecotoxicological validation of remediative treatment of aqueous system","volume":"14","author":"Moreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.11.006","article-title":"Estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects of the herbicide tebuthiuron in male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"194","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1081\/PFC-120025579","article-title":"Isolation and 16S DNA characterization of soil microorganisms from tropical soils capable of utilizing the herbicides hexazinone and tebuthiuron","volume":"38","author":"Mostafa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.04.082","article-title":"Dissipation, occurrence and risk assessment of a phenylurea herbicide tebuthiuron in sugarcane and aquatic ecosystems in South China","volume":"227","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13147-8","article-title":"A synergistic bacterial pool decomposes tebuthiuron in soil","volume":"12","author":"Brunaldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2020.1825329","article-title":"Phytoremediation of quinclorac and tebuthiuron-polluted soil by green manure plants","volume":"23","author":"Mendes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-83582003000300014","article-title":"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o de plantas com potencial para fitorremedia\u00e7\u00e3o de tebuthiuron","volume":"21","author":"Pires","year":"2003","journal-title":"Planta Daninha"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2022.103910","article-title":"Influence of temperature on growth, development and thyroid metabolism of American bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) exposed to the herbicide tebuthiuron","volume":"94","author":"Grott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.11.046","article-title":"Chemical contamination of water and sediments in the Pardo River, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"162","author":"Machado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136400","article-title":"Surface water contamination from pesticide mixtures and risks to aquatic life in a high-input agricultural region of Brazil","volume":"308","author":"Barizon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2004.03.016","article-title":"The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: Integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity","volume":"68","author":"Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139894","article-title":"Integrating morphological, biochemical, behavioural, and molecular approaches to investigate developmental toxicity triggered by tebuthiuron in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"340","author":"Vieira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-83582008000100016","article-title":"Comportamento do tebuthiuron em solo de cultivo de cana-de-a\u00e7\u00facar utilizando lis\u00edmetro de drenagem modificado","volume":"26","author":"Souza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planta Daninha"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Temple, A.J. (1985). The Effects of Tebuthiuron on Aquatic Productivity. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Texas Tech University]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elizalde-Vel\u00e1zquez, G.A., and Herrera-V\u00e1zquez, S.E. (2023). Zebrafish as model organism in aquatic ecotoxicology: Current trends and future perspectives. Zebrafish Research-An Ever-Expanding Experimental Model, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1002731"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2017.01.002","article-title":"Biological responses to phenylurea herbicides in fish and amphibians: New directions for characterizing mechanisms of toxicity","volume":"194","author":"Marlatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2020.106917","article-title":"Sub-lethal toxicity assessment of the phenylurea herbicide linuron in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo\/larvae","volume":"81","author":"Maharaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology Teratol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112966","article-title":"Behavioral and developmental toxicity assessment of the strobilurin fungicide fenamidone in zebrafish embryos\/larvae (Danio rerio)","volume":"228","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2018.11.017","article-title":"Tebuconazole reduces basal oxidative respiration and promotes anxiolytic responses and hypoactivity in early-staged zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"217","author":"Souders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104084","article-title":"Molecular and behavioral toxicity assessment of tiafenacil, a novel PPO-inhibiting herbicide, in zebrafish embryos\/larvae","volume":"98","author":"Ivantsova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160458","article-title":"Oxamyl exerts developmental toxic effects in zebrafish by disrupting the mitochondrial electron transport chain and modulating PI3K\/Akt and p38 Mapk signaling","volume":"859","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.07.001","article-title":"Determination of the panel of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in fetal and adult rat intestines","volume":"104","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2009.03.001","article-title":"Hexabromocyclododecane-induced developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos","volume":"93","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.05.012","article-title":"Low dose of arsenic trioxide triggers oxidative stress in zebrafish brain: Expression of antioxidant genes","volume":"107","author":"Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.12.018","article-title":"Copper induced upregulation of apoptosis related genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) gill","volume":"128\u2013129","author":"Luzio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Deng, P., Xing, D., Liu, H., Shi, F., Hu, L., Zou, X., Nie, H., Zuo, J., and Zhuang, Z. (2023). Developmental neurotoxicity of difenoconazole in zebrafish embryos. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11040353"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00108","article-title":"3-bromocarbazole-induced developmental neurotoxicity and effect mechanisms in zebrafish","volume":"3","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113569","article-title":"Quercetin mitigates ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis in zebrafish via P2X7R-mediated PI3K\/Keap1\/Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"268","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2021.100088","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of Zishen Guchong Pill on the early life stages of Zebrafish","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomed. Plus"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2025.110303","article-title":"Acute toxicity effects of rice paddy bactericide bismerthiazol on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos","volume":"297","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.03.048","article-title":"Microcystin-LR exposure induces developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryo","volume":"213","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13725","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13725","article-title":"Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (SLC18A2) regulates monoamine turnover and brain development in zebrafish","volume":"234","author":"Baronio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-014-0476-x","article-title":"Characterization of Bbx, a member of a novel subfamily of the HMG-box superfamily together with Cic","volume":"224","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Genes Evol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-015-0171-5","article-title":"Contaminant-induced oxidative stress in fish: A mechanistic approach","volume":"42","author":"Lushchak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2025.103324","article-title":"Insights into cytotoxicity and redox modulation by the herbicide linuron and its metabolite, 3, 4-dichloroaniline","volume":"111","author":"Jakaria","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2023.2250430","article-title":"Diuron and its metabolites induce mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated cytotoxicity in urothelial cells","volume":"34","author":"Lima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2025.107702","article-title":"A metabolomics study unravels the hepatotoxic mechanism of diuron in zebrafish: Disruption of glutathione synthesis and mitochondrial energy metabolism","volume":"291","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.04.016","article-title":"Role of Nrf2 in the antioxidation and oxidative stress induced developmental toxicity of honokiol in zebrafish","volume":"373","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101694","article-title":"A review on toxic effects of pesticides in zebrafish, Danio rerio and common carp, Cyprinus carpio, emphasising atrazine herbicide","volume":"13","author":"Khoshnood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.11.044","article-title":"Oxidative stress response and gene expression with atrazine exposure in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"78","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cong, B., Liu, C., Wang, L., and Chai, Y. (2020). The impact on antioxidant enzyme activity and related gene expression following adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposure to dimethyl phthalate. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040717"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nik, S.H.M., Newman, M., Ganesan, S., Chen, M., Martins, R., Verdile, G., and Lardelli, M. (2014). Hypoxia alters expression of Zebrafish Microtubule-associated protein Tau (mapta, maptb) gene transcripts. BMC Res. Notes, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-767"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128930","article-title":"Triclosan affects motor function in zebrafish larva by inhibiting ache and syn2a genes","volume":"266","author":"Pullaguri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Q., Yang, H., Chen, Y., Zheng, N., Li, X., Wang, X., Ding, W., and Zhang, B. (2023). Developmental neurotoxicity of trichlorfon in zebrafish larvae. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311099"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16811","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c04578","article-title":"Evaluation and mechanistic study of transgenerational neurotoxicity in zebrafish upon life cycle exposure to decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE)","volume":"57","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Guo, L., Luo, Y., Xu, X., Han, Y., Chen, H., Sun, H., Xue, Y., and Ji, G. (2025). Neurotoxicity and Mechanism in Zebrafish Embryo Induced by Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2-Hydroxyethyl) Ether (TBBPA-DHEE) Exposure. Toxics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13020076"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.64","article-title":"More alive than dead: Non-apoptotic roles for caspases in neuronal development, plasticity and disease","volume":"24","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.11.037","article-title":"Physiological functions of non-apoptotic caspase activity in the nervous system","volume":"28","author":"Hollville","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Xenobiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4713\/16\/5\/166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:22:22Z","timestamp":1788862942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4713\/16\/5\/166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jox16050166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jox16050166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4713"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4713","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]}}}