{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T23:16:14Z","timestamp":1779318974792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, 1% of the population of the Western world suffers from venous leg ulcers as a result of chronic venous insufficiency. Current treatment involves the use of moist wound healing, compression bandages, and intermittent pneumatic compression. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is a novel potential new therapeutic method for the promotion of increased lower limb hemodynamics. The aim of this study was to measure the hemodynamic changes in the lower limb with the use of two neuromuscular electrical stimulation devices. Twelve healthy volunteers received two neuromuscular stimulation device interventions. The GekoTM and National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway neuromuscular electrical stimulation devices were randomized between dominant and non-dominant legs. Hemodynamic measurements of peak venous velocity (cm\/s), the time average mean velocity (TAMEAN) (cm\/s), and ejected volume (mL) of blood were recorded. Peak venous velocity was significantly increased by the GekoTM and the NUI Galway device compared to baseline blood flow (p &lt; 0.0001), while only the voluntary contraction produced significant increases in TAMEAN and ejected volume (both p &lt; 0.05). Neuromuscular muscular electrical stimulation can produce adequate increases in lower limb hemodynamics sufficient to prevent venous stasis. Greater use of neuromuscular stimulation devices could be considered in the treatment of conditions related to chronic venous insufficiency but requires further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10020036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1588821038000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparison of the Hemodynamic Performance of Two Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Devices Applied to the Lower Limb"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7705-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Avazzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"O\u2019Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Flaherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1885-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gear\u00f3id","family":"\u00d3Laighin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland"},{"name":"Human Movement Laboratory, C\u00daRAM\u2014Centre for Research in Medical Devices, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4011-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo R.","family":"Quinlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland"},{"name":"Human Movement Laboratory, C\u00daRAM\u2014Centre for Research in Medical Devices, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05222.x","article-title":"Causes, investigation and treatment of leg ulceration","volume":"148","author":"Mekkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. 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