{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:41:29Z","timestamp":1790847689200,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a commonly occurring neurodegenerative disease in the advanced-age population, with a doubling of prevalence for each 5 years of age above 60 years. In the past two decades, there has been a sustained effort to find suitable biomarkers that may not only aide with the diagnosis of AD early in the disease process but also predict the onset of the disease in asymptomatic individuals. Current diagnostic evidence is supportive of some biomarker candidates isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including amyloid beta peptide (A\u03b2), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) as being involved in the pathophysiology of AD. However, there are a few biomarkers that have been shown to be helpful, such as proteomic, inflammatory, oral, ocular and olfactory in the early detection of AD, especially in the individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). To date, biomarkers are collected through invasive techniques, especially CSF from lumbar puncture; however, non-invasive (radio imaging) methods are used in practice to diagnose AD. In order to reduce invasive testing on the patients, present literature has highlighted the potential importance of biomarkers in blood to assist with diagnosing AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10030063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T10:22:02Z","timestamp":1594981322000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Advantages and Pitfalls in Fluid Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4955-5125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Haris","family":"Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"},{"name":"Murrumbidgee Local Health District, NSW Health, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Preddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"},{"name":"Murrumbidgee Local Health District, NSW Health, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01124-1","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"388","author":"Scheltens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.03.001","article-title":"2016 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.05.050","article-title":"Synaptic changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and its models","volume":"251","author":"Pozueta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2018.12.006","article-title":"Comprehensive review of mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"174","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. 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