{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T19:18:26Z","timestamp":1770232706459,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of COVID-19 patients is still growing exponentially worldwide due to the high transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Therapeutic agents currently under investigation are antiviral drugs, vaccines, and other adjuvants that could relieve symptoms or improve the healing process. In this review, twelve therapeutic agents that could play a role in prophylaxis or improvement of the COVID-19-associated symptoms (as add-on substances) are discussed. Agents were identified based on their known pharmacologic mechanism of action in viral and\/or nonviral fields and are postulated to interact with one or more of the seven known mechanisms associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus: (i) regulation of the immune system; (ii) virus entrance in the cell; (iii) virus replication; (iv) hyperinflammation; (v) oxidative stress; (vi) thrombosis; and (vii) endotheliitis. Selected agents were immune transfer factor (oligo- and polypeptides from porcine spleen, ultrafiltered at &lt;10 kDa; Imuno TF\u00ae), anti-inflammatory natural blend (Uncaria tomentosa, Endopleura uchi and Haematoccocus pluvialis; Miodesin\u00ae), zinc, selenium, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, ferulic acid, spirulina, N-acetylcysteine, glucosamine sulfate potassium hydrochloride, trans-resveratrol, and maltodextrin-stabilized orthosilicic acid (SiliciuMax\u00ae). This review gives the scientific background on the hypothesis that these therapeutic agents can act in synergy in the prevention and improvement of COVID-19-associated symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10030080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T06:02:21Z","timestamp":1596607341000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Postulated Adjuvant Therapeutic Strategies for COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anderson O.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fagron. Lichtenauerlaan 182, 3062 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2119-3660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hudson C.","family":"Polonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fagron. Lichtenauerlaan 182, 3062 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eli C. F.","family":"Dijkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fagron. Lichtenauerlaan 182, 3062 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kagan, D., Moran-Gilad, J., and Fire, M. (2020). Scientometric Trends for Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Viral Infections. BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.17.995795"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00016-0","article-title":"Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarty, M.F., and DiNicolantonio, J.J. (2020). 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