{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T22:08:59Z","timestamp":1784153339355,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]],"date-time":"2020-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bando FAS Salute by Sviluppo Toscana, ARIANNA Project","award":["C52I16000020002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C52I16000020002"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["RF 2016-022361560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF 2016-022361560"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) are developmental disorders with distinct diagnostic criteria and different epidemiology. However, a common genetic background as well as overlapping clinical features between ASD and CAS have been recently reported. To date, brain structural language-related abnormalities have been detected in both the conditions, but no study directly compared young children with ASD, CAS and typical development (TD). In the current work, we aim: (i) to test the hypothesis that ASD and CAS display neurostructural differences in comparison with TD through morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-based measures (ASD vs. TD and CAS vs. TD); (ii) to investigate early possible disease-specific brain structural patterns in the two clinical groups (ASD vs. CAS); (iii) to evaluate predictive power of machine-learning (ML) techniques in differentiating the three samples (ASD, CAS, TD). We retrospectively analyzed the T1-weighted brain MRI scans of 68 children (age range: 34\u201374 months) grouped into three cohorts: (1) 26 children with ASD (mean age \u00b1 standard deviation: 56 \u00b1 11 months); (2) 24 children with CAS (57 \u00b1 10 months); (3) 18 children with TD (55 \u00b1 13 months). Furthermore, a ML analysis based on a linear-kernel Support Vector Machine (SVM) was performed. All but one brain structures displayed significant higher volumes in both ASD and CAS children than TD peers. Specifically, ASD alterations involved fronto-temporal regions together with basal ganglia and cerebellum, while CAS alterations are more focused and shifted to frontal regions, suggesting a possible speech-related anomalies distribution. Caudate, superior temporal and hippocampus volumes directly distinguished the two conditions in terms of greater values in ASD compared to CAS. The ML analysis identified significant differences in brain features between ASD and TD children, whereas only some trends in the ML classification capability were detected in CAS as compared to TD peers. Similarly, the MRI structural underpinnings of two clinical groups were not significantly different when evaluated with linear-kernel SVM. Our results may represent the first step towards understanding shared and specific neural substrate in ASD and CAS conditions, which subsequently may contribute to early differential diagnosis and tailoring specific early intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T20:56:57Z","timestamp":1607893017000},"page":"275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Autism Spectrum Disorder and Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Early Language-Related Hallmarks across Structural MRI Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1418-0765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Conti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5135-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Retico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Pisa Division, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Pisa Division, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Spera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Pisa Division, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Biagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Fiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2515-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Tosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Cipriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Muratori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Chilosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6250-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Calderoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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