{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T13:50:06Z","timestamp":1776952206802,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006730","name":"Ministry of Education and Research, Romania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23PFE\/17.10.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23PFE\/17.10.2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006730","name":"Ministry of Education and Research, Romania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN 1N\/2019_19.29.02.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN 1N\/2019_19.29.02.01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is a non-motor feature in Parkinson\u2019s disease with negative impact on functionality and life expectancy, prompting early detection and proper management. We aimed to describe the blood pressure patterns reported in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease, as measured by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. (2) Methods: We conducted a systematic search on the PubMed database. Studies enrolling patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease undergoing 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were included. Data regarding study population, Parkinson\u2019s disease course, vasoactive drugs, blood pressure profiles, and measurements were recorded. (3) Results: The search identified 172 studies. Forty studies eventually fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with 3090 patients enrolled. Abnormal blood pressure profiles were commonly encountered: high blood pressure in 38.13% of patients (938\/2460), orthostatic hypotension in 38.68% (941\/2433), supine hypertension in 27.76% (445\/1603) and nocturnal hypertension in 38.91% (737\/1894). Dipping status was also altered often, 40.46% of patients (477\/1179) being reverse dippers and 35.67% (310\/869) reduced dippers. All these patterns were correlated with negative clinical and imaging outcomes. (4) Conclusion: Patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease have significantly altered blood pressure patterns that carry a negative prognosis. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring should be validated as a biomarker of PD-associated cardiovascular dysautonomia and a tool for assisting therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11020129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T03:22:26Z","timestamp":1613359346000},"page":"129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Blood Pressure Patterns in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Delia","family":"Tulb\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 20125 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Colentina\u2013Research and Development Center, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 20125 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liviu","family":"Cozma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 20125 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"B\u0103l\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colentina\u2013Research and Development Center, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 20125 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3365-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Buzea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 20125 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7954-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"B\u0103icu\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colentina\u2013Research and Development Center, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 20125 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 20125 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4826-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan Ovidiu","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 20125 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70471-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Breteler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Parkinson's Disease Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol., 17, 939\u2013953."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70373-8","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Diagnosis and management","volume":"5","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271883.45010.8a","article-title":"Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"69","author":"Simon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240","article-title":"High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"75","author":"Fuchs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23921","article-title":"Mortality from Parkinson\u2019s disease: A population-based prospective study (NEDICES)","volume":"26","author":"Posada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-017-0473-5","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson Disease","volume":"31","author":"Shibao","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-018-0529-8","article-title":"Consensus statement on the definition of neurogenic supine hypertension in cardiovascular autonomic failure by the American Autonomic Society (AAS) and the European Federation of Autonomic Societies (EFAS): Endorsed by the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH)","volume":"28","author":"Fanciulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10971","article-title":"Nocturnal Hypertension: New Technology and Evidence","volume":"71","author":"Kario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328363e964","article-title":"European Society of Hypertension Position Paper on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring","volume":"31","author":"Parati","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"575","article-title":"Fatigue in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Associates with Lower Ambulatory Diastolic Blood Pressure","volume":"9","author":"Kotagal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.11.006","article-title":"Heart rate circadian profile in the differential diagnosis between Parkinson disease and multiple system atrophy","volume":"20","author":"Pilleri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7339-2","article-title":"Detecting nocturnal hypertension in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy: Proposal of a decision-support algorithm","volume":"261","author":"Fanciulli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"915","article-title":"Nocturnal blood pressure changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Correlation with autonomic dysfunction and vitamin D levels","volume":"120","author":"Duz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002536","article-title":"Characteristics of the 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014The SFC BP multicentre study in China","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002249","article-title":"Cardiac organ damage in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and reverse dipping","volume":"38","author":"Sobrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01928-5","article-title":"Comparisons of cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment between de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease and de novo dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"20","author":"Oka","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002505","article-title":"Blood pressure lability is associated with subcortical atrophy in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2019.1610224","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease with orthostatic hypotension: Analyses of clinical characteristics and influencing factors","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0267-x","article-title":"Detection of orthostatic hypotension with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Vallelonga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09244-w","article-title":"Blood pressure circadian rhythm alterations in alpha-synucleinopathies","volume":"266","author":"Vallelonga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.06.032","article-title":"Reverse blood pressure dipping as marker of dysautonomia in Parkinson disease","volume":"56","author":"Milazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.10.014","article-title":"Association between abnormal nocturnal blood pressure profile and dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2017.12.002","article-title":"Cerebral microbleeds and blood pressure abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8352-4","article-title":"Central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in idiopathic and multiple system atrophy","volume":"264","author":"Franzen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12338","article-title":"Patients with Parkinson disease present high ambulatory blood pressure variability","volume":"37","author":"Kanegusuku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000450613","article-title":"Arterial Stiffness and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2017.13.1.15","article-title":"Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Drug-Induced Parkinsonism","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12938","article-title":"Impact of disease duration and cardiovascular dysautonomia on hypertension in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Vetrano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich)"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13135","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate profiles in diagnosing orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy","volume":"24","author":"Vichayanrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2015.385","article-title":"24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in SWEDDs Patients With Parkinsonism","volume":"43","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci.\/J. Can. des Sci. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.16001","article-title":"Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Mild and Advanced Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988715598234","article-title":"Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Patients With Parkinson Disease Having Depression","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-015-0270-5","article-title":"Non-dipping nocturnal blood pressure and psychosis parameters in Parkinson disease","volume":"25","author":"Stuebner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7887-0","article-title":"Association of depressive symptoms with circadian blood pressure alterations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"262","author":"Vetrano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1203-5","article-title":"Carotid artery thickening and neurocirculatory abnormalities in de novo Parkinson disease","volume":"121","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.06.056","article-title":"Association between nocturnal\/supine hypertension and restless legs syndrome in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"344","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6859-5","article-title":"Nocturnal hypertension and dysautonomia in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Are they related?","volume":"260","author":"Berganzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.766618","article-title":"Nighttime Blood Pressure and White Matter Hyperintensities in Patients With Parkinson Disease","volume":"30","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1176-9","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension, non-dipping and striatal dopamine in Parkinson disease","volume":"34","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826c1acd","article-title":"Association of cognitive dysfunction with neurocirculatory abnormalities in early Parkinson disease","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.04.017","article-title":"Systemic blood pressure profile correlates with cardiac 123I-MIBG uptake in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"307","author":"Manabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"897586","article-title":"Nondipping in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2011","author":"Sommer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0313-y","article-title":"Comprehensive autonomic assessment does not differentiate between Parkinson\u2019s disease, multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"117","author":"Reimann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22767","article-title":"Loss of nocturnal blood pressure fall in various extrapyramidal syndromes","volume":"24","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2006.02.020","article-title":"Characteristic findings on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a series of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Ejaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2001.104002092.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of domperidone in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease treated with apomorphine","volume":"104","author":"Sigurdardottir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199816100-00006","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour blood pressure profile and blood pressure responses to head-up tilt tests in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy","volume":"16","author":"Plaschke","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01819664","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease without and with orthostatic hypotension","volume":"2","author":"Senard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198910000-00005","article-title":"A Study of the Cardiopressor Effects of Lisuride in the Treatment of Parkinsonism and Pathological Aging Brain","volume":"12","author":"Micieli","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/11\/2\/129\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:24:17Z","timestamp":1760160257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/11\/2\/129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm11020129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm11020129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]}}}