{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:42:19Z","timestamp":1776123739422,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous studies on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) have been carried out since the early days of contemporary surgery. The incidence of PONV has been greatly reduced in recent years and new drugs for PONV keep evolving in the market; however, a substantial number of patients are still under the threat of PONV. Female gender, non-smokers, a history of PONV\/motion sickness, and postoperative opioid use are four well-recognized risk factors of PONV. Many potential risk factors reported in previous studies were not consistently presented as predictors for PONV. Two questions then arise; are risk factors clinical setting dependent and are risk factors modifiable? We attempted to answer the questions through a comprehensive review of perioperative records of surgical patients from the Trauma Department of our hospital. As nausea is subjective and no standard is applicable for its measurement, postoperative vomiting (POV) was used as an endpoint in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to address the POV issue in surgical trauma patients. A total of 855 patients were enrolled in this study after excluding age below 20 years old, total intravenous anesthesia, desflurane anesthesia, or records with missing data. Our results showed that female gender (OR 4.89) is the strongest predicting factor, followed by a less potent predicting factor\u2014more intraoperative opioid consumption (OR 1.07)\u2014which favor more POV. More intraoperative crystalloid supply (OR 0.71) and a higher body weight (OR 0.9) favor less POV. Other potential risk factors did not reach statistical significance in this study as independent risk factors. Our results also showed that when the intraoperative crystalloid infusion rate is greater than 4 mL\/kg\/h (OR 0.20), it favors a lower rate of POV; when intraoperative opioid consumption is greater than 12 mg morphine equivalents, MME (OR 1.87), it favors a higher rate of POV. We concluded that dominance of any independent risk factor over other risk factors depends on how individual factors interact with the clinical setting. Some risk factors could be modified, and a cut-off value could be derived to facilitate a better plan for POV prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11050386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T21:32:46Z","timestamp":1620595966000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Risk Factors of Postoperative Vomiting in the Eye of \u201cReal-World Evidence\u201d\u2014Modifiable and Clinical Setting-Dependent Risk Factors in Surgical Trauma Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yan-Yuen","family":"Poon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd., Niao-Song Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Yu","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd., Niao-Song Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4507-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Chuan","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd., Yongkang Dist., Tainan City 710, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Feng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd., Niao-Song Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Hsien","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd., Niao-Song Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7550-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo-Chi","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Park One International Hospital, No. 100, Bo\u2019ai 2nd Rd., Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0984-6921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao-Chun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd., Niao-Song Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00004311-200341040-00003","article-title":"History of postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"41","author":"Raeder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. 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