{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:57:22Z","timestamp":1790117842632,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) represents a global healthcare issue affecting the emotional and life quality of breast cancer survivors significantly. The clinical presentation is characterized by swelling of the affected upper limb, that may be accompanied by atrophic skin findings, pain and recurrent cellulitis. Cardinal principles of lymphedema management are the use of complex decongestive therapy and patient education. Recently, new microsurgery procedures have been reported with interesting results, bringing in a new opportunity to care postmastectomy lymphedema. However, many aspects of the disease are still debated in the medical community, including clinical examination, imaging techniques, patient selection and proper treatment. Here we will review these aspects and the current literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11050402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T10:59:12Z","timestamp":1620817152000},"page":"402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: Recent Updates on Diagnosis, Severity and Available Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4911-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pappalardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Modena Policlinico Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Starnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Modena Policlinico Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2950-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Franceschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Baccarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Modena Policlinico Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Modena Policlinico Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2494","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002494","article-title":"A Rare Case of Nipple-Areolar Complex Partial Necrosis following Micropigmentation: What to Learn?","volume":"7","author":"Starnoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast. 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