{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T21:05:15Z","timestamp":1785186315405,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Independent Forensic Services","award":["No grant number issued"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant number issued"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From the start of the use of psychoactive prescription medications in the 1950s, physicians reported paradoxical adverse reactions, ranging from newly developing depressions to an increase in existing mood disorders, and extremely violent and bizarre acts of suicide and homicide. It is hypothesized that interactions between the drugs and the enzymes that are primarily responsible for their metabolism (cytochrome P450s) could cause these reactions. In this research, we evaluate statistical associations between CYP450 variant alleles, psychoactive medication, and acts of violence. Fifty-five persons who showed violent behavior or an altered emotional state were investigated for prescribed medication. Fifty-eight volunteers with no history of violence served as the controls. Genetic testing was performed on CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Statistical analysis was applied to gender, age, number of variant alleles, number and kind of medications, and potential drug\u2013drug, drug\u2013gene, and drug\u2013drug\u2013gene interactions. Four risk factors for developing an altered emotional state and\/or acts of violence were identified. There is an association between prescription drugs (most notably antidepressants and other psychoactive medication), having variant alleles for CYP450 genes, and altered emotional states or acts of violence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11050426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T06:01:33Z","timestamp":1621317693000},"page":"426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Psychoactive Medication, Violence, and Variant Alleles for Cytochrome P450 Genes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Selma J. M.","family":"Eikelenboom-Schieveld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Forensic Services LLC, 32796 Edward Dr., Conifer, CO 80433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8273-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James C.","family":"Fogleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.02.162","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers as Tools for Improved Drug Therapy; Emphasis on the Cytochrome P450 System","volume":"396","author":"Sim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. 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