{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T14:48:48Z","timestamp":1766760528748,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center Grant","award":["KMU-TC109A01-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC109A01-1"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital","award":["S-109-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-109-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have suggested that there may be common pathogenic pathways linking osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) due to the multiple risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease caused by MetS. However, results on the association between MetS and bone health are inconsistent and sometimes contradictory. In this study, we aimed to investigate the associations between the effects of MetS risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD) T-score in a longitudinal study of 27,033 participants from the Taiwan Biobank with a follow-up period of 4 years. BMD of the calcaneus was measured in the non-dominant foot using ultrasound in the Taiwanese population. The overall prevalence rates of MetS were 16.7% (baseline) and 21.2% (follow-up). The participants were stratified into four groups according to the status of MetS (no\/yes at baseline and follow-up). We investigated associations between MetS and its five components (baseline, follow-up) with BMD \u0394T-score and found that the (no, yes) MetS group, (no, yes) abdominal obesity group, (no, yes) hypertriglyceridemia group, and (no, yes) low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol group had the lowest \u0394T-score. Furthermore, in the (no, yes) MetS group, high \u0394waist circumference (p = 0.009), high \u0394triglycerides (p = 0.004), low \u0394HDL cholesterol (p = 0.034), and low \u0394systolic blood pressure (p = 0.020) were significantly associated with low \u0394T-score, but \u0394fasting glucose was not. In conclusion, in this large population-based cohort study, our data provide evidence that the development of MetS is strongly associated with increased rates of BMD loss in the Taiwanese population. This suggests that the prevention of MetS should be taken into consideration in the prevention of osteoporosis in the Taiwanese population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11050439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T11:45:57Z","timestamp":1621511157000},"page":"439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development of Metabolic Syndrome Decreases Bone Mineral Density T-Score of Calcaneus in Foot in a Large Taiwanese Population Follow-Up Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hsuan","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8950-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Yueh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5897-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiun-Chi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Chia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"International Diabetes Federation: The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Zimmet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Voice"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4041-1","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome among adults in the Asia-Pacific region: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803180","article-title":"Effect of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure on Cardiovascular Outcomes","volume":"381","author":"Flint","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. 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