{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T20:00:32Z","timestamp":1776542432541,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3C0661, 3C0662, 3C0663, and 3F1092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3C0661, 3C0662, 3C0663, and 3F1092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tonsil microbiome is associated with chronic tonsillitis and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children, and the gut microbiome is associated with host weight status. In this study, we hypothesized that weight status may be associated with clinical profiles and the tonsil microbiome in children with OSA. We prospectively enrolled 33 non-healthy-weight (cases) and 33 healthy-weight (controls) pediatric OSA patients matched by the proportion of chronic tonsillitis. Differences in the tonsil microbiome between the non-healthy-weight and healthy-weight subgroups and relationships between the tonsil microbiome and clinical variables were investigated. Non-healthy weight was associated with significant intermittent hypoxemia (oxygen desaturation index, mean blood saturation (SpO2), and minimal SpO2) and higher systolic blood pressure percentile, but was not related to the tonsil microbiome. However, chronic tonsillitis was related to Acidobacteria in the non-healthy-weight subgroup, and oxygen desaturation index was associated with Bacteroidetes in the healthy-weight subgroup. In post hoc analysis, the children with mean SpO2 \u2264 97% had reduced \u03b1 and \u03b2 diversities and a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes than those with mean SpO2 &gt; 97%. These preliminary findings are novel and provide insights into future research to understand the pathogenesis of the disease and develop personalized treatments for pediatric OSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11060486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T11:33:20Z","timestamp":1622201600000},"page":"486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Different Associations between Tonsil Microbiome, Chronic Tonsillitis, and Intermittent Hypoxemia among Obstructive Sleep Apnea Children of Different Weight Status: A Pilot Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-4016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai-Hua","family":"Chuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei Branch and Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"Obesity Institute, Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0798-5378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Fu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5466-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Pang","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Hsun","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Lin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsueh-Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning-Hung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Shu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Wei","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Guei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Chih","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8414-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Ang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1671","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"130","author":"Marcus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05290-2","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in children and adolescents with and 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