{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T17:19:16Z","timestamp":1785777556009,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","award":["722046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722046"]}]},{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","award":["848261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["848261"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation tool potentially modulating pathological brain activity. Its clinical effectiveness is hampered by varying results and characterized by inter-individual variability in treatment responses. RTMS individualization might constitute a useful strategy to overcome this variability. A precondition for this approach would be that repeatedly applied protocols result in reliable effects. The condition tinnitus provides the advantage of immediate behavioral consequences (tinnitus loudness changes) after interventions and thus offers an excellent model to exemplify TMS personalization. Objective: The aim was to investigate the test\u2013retest reliability of short rTMS stimulations in modifying tinnitus loudness and oscillatory brain activity as well as to examine the feasibility of rTMS individualization in tinnitus. Methods: Three short verum (1, 10, 20 Hz; 200 pulses) and one sham (0.1 Hz; 20 pulses) rTMS protocol were administered on two different days in 22 tinnitus patients. Before and after each protocol, oscillatory brain activity was recorded with electroencephalography (EEG), together with behavioral tinnitus loudness ratings. RTMS individualization was executed on the basis of behavioral and electrophysiological responses. Stimulation responders were identified via consistent sham-superior increases in tinnitus loudness (behavioral responders) and alpha power increases or gamma power decreases (alpha responders\/gamma responders) in accordance with the prevalent neurophysiological models for tinnitus. Results: It was feasible to identify individualized rTMS protocols featuring reliable tinnitus loudness changes (55% behavioral responder), alpha increases (91% alpha responder) and gamma decreases (100% gamma responder), respectively. Alpha responses primary occurred over parieto-occipital areas, whereas gamma responses mainly appeared over frontal regions. On the contrary, test\u2013retest correlation analyses per protocol at a group level were not significant neither for behavioral nor for electrophysiological effects. No associations between behavioral and EEG responses were found. Conclusion: RTMS individualization via behavioral and electrophysiological data in tinnitus can be considered as a feasible approach to overcome low reliability at the group level. The present results open the discussion favoring personalization utilizing neurophysiological markers rather than behavioral responses. These insights are not only useful for the rTMS treatment of tinnitus but also for neuromodulation interventions in other pathologies, as our results suggest that the individualization of stimulation protocols is feasible despite absent group-level reliability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11060536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Heading for Personalized rTMS in Tinnitus: Reliability of Individualized Stimulation Protocols in Behavioral and Electrophysiological Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3633-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schoisswohl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berthold","family":"Langguth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9586-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Hebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8766-674X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Abdelnaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Volberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schecklmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60142-7","article-title":"Tinnitus","volume":"382","author":"Baguley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70160-1","article-title":"Tinnitus: Causes and clinical management","volume":"12","author":"Langguth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.05.009","article-title":"A systematic review of the reporting of tinnitus prevalence and severity","volume":"337","author":"McCormack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66002-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of tinnitus","volume":"166","author":"Eggermont","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2012.00053","article-title":"The Neuroscience of Tinnitus: Understanding Abnormal and Normal Auditory Perception","volume":"6","author":"Eggermont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00029","article-title":"Maladaptive Neural Synchrony in Tinnitus: Origin and Restoration","volume":"6","author":"Eggermont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"005","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.25.1.2","article-title":"Underlying Mechanisms of Tinnitus: Review and Clinical Implications","volume":"25","author":"Henry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14972","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4028-10.2010","article-title":"Ringing Ears: The Neuroscience of Tinnitus","volume":"30","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7874\/jao.2020.00052","article-title":"Non-Invasive Neuromodulation for Tinnitus","volume":"24","author":"Langguth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Audiol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.026","article-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Primer","volume":"55","author":"Hallett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.10.005","article-title":"Physiology of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain","volume":"3","author":"Hoogendam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1234-2","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: New insights into representational cortical plasticity","volume":"148","author":"Siebner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00145-1","article-title":"Intensity-dependent effects of 1 Hz rTMS on human corticospinal excitability","volume":"113","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.06.712","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the effects of rTMS on motor cortical excitability and inhibition","volume":"117","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005","article-title":"Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS)","volume":"58","author":"Klomjai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabilitation Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee","volume":"126","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01896-6","article-title":"Neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with tinnitus: A short case series","volume":"54","author":"Eichhammer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"980","article-title":"Neuronavigated rTMS in a patient with chronic tinnitus. Effects of 4 weeks treatment","volume":"14","author":"Langguth","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48750-9","article-title":"RTMS parameters in tinnitus trials: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Schoisswohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22302","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22302","article-title":"Triple-site rTMS for the treatment of chronic tinnitus: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Lehner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-012-0268-4","article-title":"Multisite rTMS for the Treatment of Chronic Tinnitus: Stimulation of the Cortical Tinnitus Network\u2014A Pilot Study","volume":"26","author":"Lehner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.07.002","article-title":"Frontal Cortex TMS for Tinnitus","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"296","article-title":"Comparison of Treatment Outcomes Following Either Prefrontal Cortical-only or Dual-site Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Chronic Tinnitus Patients: A Double-blind Randomized Study","volume":"38","author":"Noh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.03.019","article-title":"Differences between a single session and repeated sessions of 1 Hz TMS by double-cone coil prefrontal stimulation for the improvement of tinnitus","volume":"6","author":"Vanneste","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1487-5","article-title":"Comparison of two protocols of transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of chronic tinnitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial of burst repetitive versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"35","author":"Forogh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.02965.x","article-title":"Contralateral versus ipsilateral rTMS of temporoparietal cortex for the treatment of chronic unilateral tinnitus: Comparative study","volume":"17","author":"Khedr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.127712","article-title":"Effect of daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of tinnitus: Comparison of different stimulus frequencies","volume":"79","author":"Khedr","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182574ef9","article-title":"Treatment of chronic tinnitus with theta burst stimulation: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Plewnia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"165","article-title":"Neuronavigated left temporal continuous theta burst stimulation in chronic tinnitus","volume":"34","author":"Schecklmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"2020","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-4401-y","article-title":"A multidisciplinary systematic review of the treatment for chronic idiopathic tinnitus","volume":"274","author":"Zenner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.05.021","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)","volume":"125","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2017.12.001","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and subjective tinnitus. A review of the literature, 2014\u20132016","volume":"135","author":"Londero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.014","article-title":"Non-invasive neuromodulation for tinnitus: A meta-analysis and modeling studies","volume":"14","author":"Doyon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.12.058","article-title":"Variability in non-invasive brain stimulation studies: Reasons and results","volume":"719","author":"Guerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.004","article-title":"Inter-individual Variability in Response to Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Paradigms","volume":"7","author":"Cheeran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0054-4","article-title":"Studying and modifying brain function with non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Nitsche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01146","article-title":"Is There a Future for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation as a Therapeutic Tool?","volume":"9","author":"Terranova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"731","article-title":"Personalized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Psychiatry","volume":"3","author":"Cocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"4","article-title":"Identification of clinical features and biomarkers that may inform a personalized approach to rTMS for depression","volume":"17\u201318","author":"Garnaat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pers. Med. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/03655230600895465","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on chronic tinnitus","volume":"126","author":"Folmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01414.x","article-title":"Transient tinnitus suppression induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Fregni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00370.2010","article-title":"Short-Term Effects of Single Repetitive TMS Sessions on Auditory Evoked Activity in Patients With Chronic Tinnitus","volume":"104","author":"Lorenz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181b05023","article-title":"Influence of Tonic and Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Characteristics on Acute Inhibition of Subjective Tinnitus","volume":"30","author":"Meeus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10468","article-title":"Transient suppression of tinnitus by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"53","author":"Plewnia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, N., Lorenz, I., Langguth, B., and Weisz, N. (2013). rTMS Induced Tinnitus Relief Is Related to an Increase in Auditory Cortical Alpha Activity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055557"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreuzer, P.M., Poeppl, T.B., Rupprecht, R., Vielsmeier, V., Lehner, A., Langguth, B., and Schecklmann, M. (2017). Individualized Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment in Chronic Tinnitus?. Front. Neurol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00126"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoisswohl, S., Langguth, B., and Schecklmann, M. (2020). Short-Term Tinnitus Suppression With Electric-Field Guided rTMS for Individualizing rTMS Treatment: A Technical Feasibility Report. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00086"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00124","article-title":"Thalamocortical Dysrhythmia: A Theoretical Update in Tinnitus","volume":"6","author":"Ridder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.04.006","article-title":"Rhythmic and dysrhythmic thalamocortical dynamics: GABA systems and the edge effect","volume":"28","author":"Urbano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15222","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.26.15222","article-title":"Thalamocortical dysrhythmia: A neurological and neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by magnetoencephalography","volume":"96","author":"Ribary","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66006-3","article-title":"The relevance of spontaneous activity for the coding of the tinnitus sensation","volume":"166","author":"Weisz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-012-0340-5","article-title":"Neuromagnetic Indicators of Tinnitus and Tinnitus Masking in Patients with and without Hearing Loss","volume":"13","author":"Adjamian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balkenhol, T., Wallh\u00e4usser-Franke, E., and Delb, W. (2013). Psychoacoustic Tinnitus Loudness and Tinnitus-Related Distress Show Different Associations with Oscillatory Brain Activity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053180"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moazami-Goudarzi, M., Michels, L., Weisz, N., and Jeanmonod, D. (2010). Temporo-insular enhancement of EEG low and high frequencies in patients with chronic tinnitus. QEEG study of chronic tinnitus patients. BMC Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-11-40"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/436146","article-title":"Reduced Variability of Auditory Alpha Activity in Chronic Tinnitus","volume":"2014","author":"Schlee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3711-06.2007","article-title":"The Neural Code of Auditory Phantom Perception","volume":"27","author":"Weisz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weisz, N., Moratti, S., Meinzer, M., Dohrmann, K., and Elbert, T. (2005). Tinnitus Perception and Distress Is Related to Abnormal Spontaneous Brain Activity as Measured by Magnetoencephalography. PLoS Med., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020153"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00331","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.331","article-title":"The neural correlates of subjectively perceived and passively matched loudness perception in auditory phantom perception","volume":"5","author":"Congedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der Loo, E., Gais, S., Congedo, M., Vanneste, S., Plazier, M., Menovsky, T., Van De Heyning, P., and De Ridder, D. (2009). Tinnitus Intensity Dependent Gamma Oscillations of the Contralateral Auditory Cortex. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007396"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12936","article-title":"Toward the establishment of neurophysiological indicators for neuropsychiatric disorders using transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked potentials: A systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Noda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, S., Wang, S., Yi, W., Zhang, C., and He, H. (2019, January 23\u201327). The lasting effects of 1Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on resting state EEG in healthy subjects. Proceedings of the 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857184"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-009-0115-4","article-title":"A Review of Combined TMS-EEG Studies to Characterize Lasting Effects of Repetitive TMS and Assess Their Usefulness in Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"22","author":"Thut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1541","article-title":"The Current and Future Potential of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electroencephalography in Psychiatry","volume":"106","author":"Hui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.01.001","article-title":"Clinical utility and prospective of TMS\u2013EEG","volume":"130","author":"Tremblay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"421","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces oscillatory power changes in chronic tinnitus","volume":"9","author":"Eschecklmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2012.708438","article-title":"Efficacy of different protocols of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus: Pooled analysis of two randomized controlled studies","volume":"15","author":"Langguth","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schecklmann, M., Landgrebe, M., Kleinjung, T., Frank, E., Sand, P.G., Rupprecht, R., Eichhammer, P., Hajak, G., and Langguth, B. (2014). Changes in motor cortex excitability associated with temporal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in tinnitus: Hints for cross-modal plasticity?. BMC Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-15-71"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-940218","article-title":"Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Version des \u201cTinnitus Handicap Inventory\u201d","volume":"34","author":"Kleinjung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Prax."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140029007","article-title":"Development of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory","volume":"122","author":"Newman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"525","article-title":"Consensus for tinnitus patient assessment and treatment outcome measurement: Tinnitus Research Initiative meeting, Regensburg, July 2006","volume":"166","author":"Langguth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Regen."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.02.017","article-title":"Standardised profiling for tinnitus research: The European School for Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Research Screening Questionnaire (ESIT-SQ)","volume":"377","author":"Genitsaridi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.5.1398","article-title":"Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.041","article-title":"Modulation of motor cortex excitability by paired peripheral and transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"128","author":"Kumru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An Open Source Toolbox for Analysis of Single-Trial EEG Dynamics Including Independent Component Analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","article-title":"Spherical splines for scalp potential and current density mapping","volume":"72","author":"Perrin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open Source Software for Advanced Analysis of MEG, EEG, and Invasive Electrophysiological Data","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07793.x","article-title":"The neural network of phantom sound changes over time: A comparison between recent-onset and chronic tinnitus patients","volume":"34","author":"Vanneste","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"65","article-title":"A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand. J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5316-03.2004","article-title":"Preconditioning of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence for Homeostatic Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"24","author":"Siebner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000432","article-title":"Interindividual variability of the modulatory effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortical excitability","volume":"133","author":"Maeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.004","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in cortical excitability and motor network connectivity following multiple blocks of rTMS","volume":"118","author":"Nettekoven","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00726-X","article-title":"Intra- and interindividual variability of motor responses to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"113","author":"Sommer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3642-5","article-title":"Therapeutic impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on tinnitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"273","author":"Soleimani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/975808","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Repeated Courses of rTMS Treatment in Patients with Chronic Subjective Tinnitus","volume":"2015","author":"Lehner","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.09.009","article-title":"Maintenance repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for relapse prevention in with depression: A review","volume":"262","author":"Rachid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-008-0067-0","article-title":"State-Dependency of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Silvanto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22152","article-title":"Effects of individual alpha rTMS applied to the auditory cortex and its implications for the treatment of chronic tinnitus","volume":"35","author":"Weisz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08097.x","article-title":"Formerly known as inhibitory: Effects of 1-Hz rTMS on auditory cortex are state-dependent: Formerly known as inhibitory","volume":"36","author":"Weisz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000178146.91139.3c","article-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Tinnitus: Influence of Tinnitus Duration on Stimulation Parameter Choice and Maximal Tinnitus Suppression","volume":"26","author":"Verstraeten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000907","article-title":"The Effect of Auditory Residual Inhibition on Tinnitus and the Electroencephalogram","volume":"42","author":"King","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.049","article-title":"Rhythmic TMS Causes Local Entrainment of Natural Oscillatory Signatures","volume":"21","author":"Thut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00263","article-title":"Can Oscillatory Alpha-Gamma Phase-Amplitude Coupling be Used to Understand and Enhance TMS Effects?","volume":"13","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/11\/6\/536\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:12:38Z","timestamp":1760163158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/11\/6\/536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm11060536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm11060536","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.01.11.21249600","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]}}}