{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:53:38Z","timestamp":1794009218420,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SPRING Biomed Vision Ltd.","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The substantial burden of kidney disease fosters interest in new ways of screening for early disease diagnosis, especially by non-invasive imaging. Increasing evidence for an association between retinal microvascular signs and kidney disease prompted us to investigate the relevant current literature on such an association systematically by performing a meta-analysis of our findings. Methods: We scrutinized the current literature by searching PubMed and Embase databases from for clinical studies of the association between retinal microvascular signs and prevalent or incident kidney disease. After excluding cases that did not meet our criteria, we extracted relevant data from 42 published studies (9 prospective, 32 cross-sectional, and 1 retrospective). Results: Our investigation yielded significant associations between retinal vascular changes (including retinopathy and retinal vascular diameter) and kidney dysfunction (including chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), albuminuria, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline). According to our meta-analysis, retinopathy was associated with ESRD (hazard ratio (HR) 2.12 (95% confidence interval CI; 1.39\u20133.22)) and with CKD prevalence in the general population (odds ratio (OR) 1.31 (95% CI; 1.14\u20131.50)), and specifically in type 2 diabetic patients (OR 1.68 (95% CI; 1.68\u20132.16)). CRAE was associated with prevalent CKD (OR 1.41 (95% CI; 1.09\u20131.82)). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the retinal microvasculature can provide essential data about concurrent kidney disease status and predict future risk for kidney disease development and progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11070665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1626341527000},"page":"665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Retinal Vascular Signs as Screening and Prognostic Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Aronov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SPRING Biomed Vision Ltd. 8, Haneviim St., Haifa 3350109, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6639-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raviv","family":"Allon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPRING Biomed Vision Ltd. 8, Haneviim St., Haifa 3350109, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Stave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPRING Biomed Vision Ltd. 8, Haneviim St., Haifa 3350109, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Belkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Margalit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPRING Biomed Vision Ltd. 8, Haneviim St., Haifa 3350109, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0846-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ido Didi","family":"Fabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barak","family":"Rosenzweig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP71244","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Anothaisintawee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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