{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:09:15Z","timestamp":1788923355364,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan and by Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center Grant","award":["KMU-TC109A01-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC109A01-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have suggested an association between air pollution and lung disease. However, few studies have explored the relationship between chronic lung diseases classified by lung function and environmental parameters. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationship between chronic lung diseases, air pollution, meteorological factors, and anthropometric indices. We conducted a cross-sectional study using the Taiwan Biobank and the Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Database. A total of 2889 participants were included. We found a V\/U-shaped relationship between temperature and air pollutants, with significant effects at both high and low temperatures. In addition, at lower temperatures (&lt;24.6 \u00b0C), air pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO) (adjusted OR (aOR):1.78\/Log 1 ppb, 95% CI 0.98\u20133.25; aOR:5.35\/Log 1 ppb, 95% CI 2.88\u20139.94), nitrogen monoxide (NO) (aOR:1.05\/ppm, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.09; aOR:1.11\/ppm, 95% CI 1.07\u20131.15), nitrogen oxides (NOx) (aOR:1.02\/ppm, 95% CI 1.00\u20131.05; aOR:1.06\/ppm, 95% CI 1.04\u20131.08), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) (aOR:1.29\/ppm, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.65; aOR:1.77\/ppm, 95% CI 1.36\u20132.30) were associated with restrictive and mixed lung diseases, respectively. Exposure to CO, NO, NO2, NOx and SO2 significantly affected obstructive and mixed lung disease in southern Taiwan. In conclusion, temperature and air pollution should be considered together when evaluating the impact on chronic lung diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11080819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1629668872000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Impact of the Synergistic Effect of Temperature and Air Pollutants on Chronic Lung Diseases in Subtropical Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5737-6613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da-Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Degree Program, Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Chia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1044-2673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Pin","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hsing","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0586-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huang-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yu","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo-Cheng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Shih","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Hung","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardization of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802140","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02140-2018","article-title":"Air pollution, lung function and COPD: Results from the population-based UK Biobank study","volume":"54","author":"Doiron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00130014","article-title":"Adult lung function and long-term air pollution exposure. ESCAPE: A multicenter cohort study and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Adam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00556-2016","article-title":"Air pollution exposure is associated with restrictive ventilatory patterns","volume":"48","author":"Jong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102266","article-title":"Long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a national English cohort","volume":"72","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"E31","article-title":"Air pollution and chronic airway diseases: What should people know and do?","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.065","article-title":"The impact of air pollutants on ambulance dispatches: A systematic review and meta-analysis of acute effects","volume":"254","author":"Sangkharat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanyal, S., Rochereau, T., Maesano, C.N., Com-Ruelle, L., and Annesi-Maesano, I. (2018). Long-Term Effect of Outdoor Air Pollution on Mortality and Morbidity: A 12-Year Follow-Up Study for Metropolitan France. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112487"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1159\/000332930","article-title":"Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Respiratory Disease Mortality in Shenyang, China: A 12-Year Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"84","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009075","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009075","article-title":"Health risk of air pollution on people living with major chronic diseases: A Canadian population-based study","volume":"5","author":"To","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-016-0077-9","article-title":"Respiratory illness and air pollution from the steel industry: The case of Piqui\u00e1 de Baixo, Brazil (Preliminary report)","volume":"11","author":"Valenti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"3","article-title":"Aeroparticles, Composition, and Lung Diseases","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.005","article-title":"A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901725","article-title":"Oxidative damage to DNA and lipids as biomarkers of exposure to air pollution","volume":"118","author":"Loft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31824523f0","article-title":"Air pollution and markers of coagulation, inflammation and endothelial function: Associations and epigene-environment interactions in an elderly cohort","volume":"23","author":"Bind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1000","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7108.1","article-title":"Particulate air pollution and impaired lung function","volume":"5","author":"Paulin","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.042","article-title":"The cumulative effect of air pollutants on the acute exacerbation of COPD in Shanghai, China","volume":"622","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.278","article-title":"Association of fine particulate matter on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Yancheng, China","volume":"650","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2019-000549","article-title":"Ambient air pollution is associated with airway inflammation in older women: A nested cross-sectional analysis","volume":"7","author":"Abramson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H.-R., Lin, C.-H., Tsai, J.-H., Hsieh, Y.-T., Tsai, T.-A., Tsai, C.-K., Lee, Y.-C., Liu, T.-Y., Tsai, C.-M., and Chen, C.-C. (2020). A multifactorial evaluation of the effects of air pollution and meteorological factors on asthma exacerbation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114010"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108735","article-title":"Synergic effect between high temperature and air pollution on mortality in Northeast Asia","volume":"178","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Analitis, A., Donato, F.D., Scortichini, M., Lanki, T., Basagana, X., Ballester, F., Astrom, C., Paldy, A., Pascal, M., and Gasparrini, A. (2018). Synergistic Effects of Ambient Temperature and Air Pollution on Health in Europe: Results from the PHASE Project. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091856"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2015.1089846","article-title":"The Effects of Air Pollution and Temperature on COPD","volume":"13","author":"Hansel","year":"2016","journal-title":"COPD: J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.02.010","article-title":"Effects of particulate matter on respiratory disease and the impact of meteorological factors in Busan, Korea","volume":"124","author":"Jo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"5321","article-title":"Population structure of Han Chinese in the modern Taiwanese population based on 10,000 participants in the Taiwan Biobank project","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.07.006","article-title":"Managing \u201cincidental findings\u201d in biobank research: Recommendations of the Taiwan biobank","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, S.W., Wu, D.W., Wang, C.W., Chen, S.C., Hung, C.H., and Kuo, C.H. (2021). Poor cognitive function is associated with obstructive lung diseases in Taiwanese adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052344"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.10.003","article-title":"The concept of normal weight obesity","volume":"56","author":"Oliveros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.10.012","article-title":"Body composition and lung function in cystic fibrosis and their association with adiposity and normal-weight obesity","volume":"32","author":"Alvarez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00194610","article-title":"Seasonality and determinants of moderate and severe COPD exacerbations in the TORCH study","volume":"39","author":"Jenkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00400.2006","article-title":"Age dependent changes of airway and lung parenchyma in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"102","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1345","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol replacement reverses age-related lung disease in estrogen-deficient C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"155","author":"Glassberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.07.015","article-title":"Estrogen deficiency promotes cigarette smoke\u2013induced changes in the extracellular matrix in the lungs of aging female mice","volume":"178","author":"Glassberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EM00414A","article-title":"The effects of interaction between particulate matter and temperature on mortality in Beijing, China","volume":"20","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2017.1392504","article-title":"Menopause, lung function and obstructive lungdisease outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.070","article-title":"Modification of the effects of air pollutants on mortality by temperature: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"575","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ad5522","article-title":"Extreme high temperatures and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113070109","article-title":"Summer temperature variability and long-term survival among elderly people with chronic disease","volume":"109","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, C.-M., Chen, Y.-T., Ou, S.-M., Hsiao, Y.-H., Li, S.-Y., Wang, S.-J., Yang, A.C., Chen, T.-J., and Perng, D.-W. (2013). The effect of cold temperature on increased exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A nationwide study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057066"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28532-5","article-title":"Association of meteorological factors and air NO2 and O3 concentrations with acute exacerbation of elderly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01795-x","article-title":"Lag effect of air temperature on the incidence of respiratory diseases in Lanzhou, China","volume":"64","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.03.048","article-title":"Short-term effects of air temperature on mortality and effect modification by air pollution in three cities of Bavaria, Germany: A time-series analysis","volume":"485","author":"Breitner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13053","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121013053","article-title":"Coarse particulate air pollution associated with increased risk of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in a tropical city, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25798","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0270-1","article-title":"Use of carboxyhemoglobin as a biomarker of environmental CO exposure: Critical evaluation of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Veronesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05781","article-title":"Inhaled Carbon Monoxide: From Toxin to Therapy","volume":"62","author":"Hess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Care."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201805-0936OC","article-title":"Noncommunicable respiratory disease and air pollution exposure in Malawi","volume":"199","author":"Nightingale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"709","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide in respiratory disease","volume":"127","author":"Marriott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"CD002787","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults","volume":"6","author":"Gebistorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00168813","article-title":"Air pollution and biomarkers of systemic inflammation and tissue repair in COPD patients","volume":"44","author":"Dadvand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2012.09.018","article-title":"Differences in IL-8 in serum and exhaled breath condensate from patients with exacerbated COPD or asthma attacks","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2002.1374","article-title":"Ambient level of NO2 augments the inflammatory response to inhaled allergen in asthmatics","volume":"96","author":"Barck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108620","article-title":"Effects of personal nitrogen dioxide exposure on airway inflammation and lung function","volume":"177","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134051","article-title":"Effect of changes in season and temperature on cardiovascular mortality associated with nitrogen dioxide air pollution in Shenzhen, China","volume":"697","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22001","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7447-x","article-title":"An evaluation of hospital admission respiratory disease attributed to sulfur dioxide ambient concentration in Ahvaz from 2011 through 2013","volume":"23","author":"Goudarzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581816682225","article-title":"Fine particulate matter and sulfur dioxide coexposures Induce Rat Lung Pathological Injury and Inflammatory Responses Via TLR4\/p38\/NF-\u03baB Pathway","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"087021","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1390","article-title":"Updated Global Estimates of Respiratory Mortality in Adults \u226530 Years of Age Attributable to Long-Term Ozone Exposure","volume":"125","author":"Malley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.062","article-title":"Speciated OVOC and VOC emission inventories and their implications for reactivity-based ozone control strategy in the Pearl River Delta region, China","volume":"530","author":"Ou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02518","article-title":"Ozone Pollution: A Major Health Hazard Worldwide","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-0984-z","article-title":"Ambient temperature enhanced acute cardiovascular-respiratory mortality effects of PM2.5 in Beijing, China","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1021\/es102767g","article-title":"Sources, emissions, and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and poly chlorinated biphenyls indoors in Toronto, Canada","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vardoulakis, S., Giagloglou, E., Steinle, S., Davis, A., Sleeuwenhoek, A., Galea, K.S., Dixon, K., and Crawford, J.O. (2020). Indoor Exposure to Selected Air Pollutants in the Home Environment: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238972"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/11\/8\/819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:48:39Z","timestamp":1760165319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/11\/8\/819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm11080819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm11080819","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]}}}