{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:22:06Z","timestamp":1770708126122,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has the potential to investigate abnormalities in brain network structure and connectivity on an individual level in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), paving the way toward using this technology for a personalized, precision medicine approach to diagnosis and treatment. Using a case-control design, we compared five patients with severe regressive-type ASD to five patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) to examine the association between brain network characteristics and diagnosis. All children with ASD and TLE demonstrated intact motor, language, and frontoparietal (FP) networks. However, aberrant networks not usually seen in the typical brain were also found. These aberrant networks were located in the motor (40%), language (80%), and FP (100%) regions in children with ASD, while children with TLE only presented with aberrant networks in the motor (40%) and language (20%) regions, in addition to identified seizure onset zones. Fisher\u2019s exact test indicated a significant relationship between aberrant FP networks and diagnosis (p = 0.008), with ASD and atypical FP networks co-occurring more frequently than expected by chance. Despite severe cognitive delays, children with regressive-type ASD may demonstrate intact typical cortical network activation despite an inability to use these cognitive facilities. The functions of these intact cognitive networks may not be fully expressed, potentially because aberrant networks interfere with their long-range signaling, thus creating a unique \u201clocked-in network\u201d syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11090854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T22:49:51Z","timestamp":1630363791000},"page":"854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Locked-in Intact Functional Networks in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Pines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Sussman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Rd, Ambulatory Building, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0587-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Wyckoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Rd, Ambulatory Building, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"McCarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Rd, Ambulatory Building, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Bunch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Rd, Ambulatory Building, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4442-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard E.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varina L.","family":"Boerwinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Rd, Ambulatory Building, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1","article-title":"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years-Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016","volume":"69","author":"Maenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00205","article-title":"Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Hull","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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