{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:17:36Z","timestamp":1760235456866,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Totally laparoscopic surgery for early gastric cancer and subepithelial tumors has been popularized worldwide, yet localization of early or small-sized tumors is a persistent challenge due to difficulty being identified with the lack of manual tactile sensation. Thus, accurate localization with tattooing before the surgery would help improve efficiency during surgery. There are multiple methods to localize tumors before laparoscopy, each with varying advantages and disadvantages. The use of endoscopic tattooing with dye has been carried out for several decades due to its safety, lower cost, and convenience. However, there is a lack of studies on endoscopic tattooing before totally laparoscopic resection. Aims: To evaluate the effect of endoscopic tattooing with dye for gastric subepithelial tumors localization before laparoscopic resection and to evaluate the tattooing effect on different locations of tumors in stomach. Method: We retrospectively collected data of patients with gastric subepithelial tumors who underwent endoscopic tattooing before totally laparoscopic resection from 2017 to 2020 in a university affiliated medical center. All patients were analyzed for preoperative characteristics and then categorized into two groups based on tumor locations concerning the difficulty of laparoscopic surgery. The independent t test and Chi-square test were performed to compare perioperative outcome and complications between these two groups. Result: A total of 19 patients were included retrospectively at our center. The individuals were 5 male and 14 female patients with a mean age of 58.2 years old. Most patients had no symptoms, and the tumors were found incidentally in 12 patients (63%). All tumors were identified clearly during laparoscopic resection. The mean tumor size was 2.3 cm. The surgeries took an average of 111 min and a mean of 7 mL blood loss was found. All tumors had negative resection margins with no recurrence during follow-up. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor was the major pathologic diagnosis, found in 12 patients (63%), followed by the leiomyoma in 5 patients (26%). Only three patients had mild adverse effects after surgery and the symptoms were self-limited. Our analysis found no significant difference in preoperative patient characteristics and perioperative outcomes between patients with differing tumor locations. Conclusion: This study is the first and largest report on endoscopic tattooing with dye before laparoscopic resection of gastric subepithelial tumor resection. Our results emphasize that endoscopic tattooing with dye is a safe and reliable method for localizing subepithelial tumors in the stomach prior to totally laparoscopic resection, with no correlation to where the tumor is located.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11090855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T22:49:51Z","timestamp":1630363791000},"page":"855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Simple and Reliable Method for Gastric Subepithelial Tumor Localization Using Endoscopic Tattooing before Totally Laparoscopic Resection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sheng-Fu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao-Tsai","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City 236, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Te","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Huan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Jung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai-Feng","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2011.5.4.418","article-title":"Endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v7.i12.1062","article-title":"Treatment modalities for early gastric cancer","volume":"7","author":"Espinel","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. 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