{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T16:14:47Z","timestamp":1773850487758,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have hypothesized a potential role of the interleukin (IL)-23\/17 axis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, to date, levels of IL-23 and 17 have not been compared between critically ill COVID-19 patients and critically ill non-COVID-19 patients. IL-23 and 17 were measured on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) in critically ill COVID-19 (N = 38) and critically ill non-COVID-19 (N = 34) patients with an equal critical illness severity. Critically ill non-COVID-19 patients did not have sepsis or septic shock on ICU admission. None of the enrolled patients had previously received corticosteroids. In our study, circulating IL-17 levels were higher in the COVID-19 patients. More specifically, critically ill COVID-19 patients had levels of 0.78 (0.05\u20131.8) pg\/mL compared to 0.11 (0.05\u20130.9) pg\/mL in the critically ill non-COVID-19 patients (p = 0.04). In contrast, IL-23 levels were comparable between groups. A group of patients hospitalized in the specialized COVID-19 clinic (N = 16) was also used to evaluate IL-17 and IL-23 levels with respect to COVID-19 severity. Non-critically ill COVID-19 patients had undetectable levels of both cytokines. Our results support the notion of inhibiting IL-17 in critical COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11090891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T10:24:25Z","timestamp":1631010265000},"page":"891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating the Role of the Interleukin-23\/17 Axis in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7306-713X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edison","family":"Jahaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4984-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice G.","family":"Vassiliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4047-3588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysi","family":"Keskinidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8630-7200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisis","family":"Gallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 185 34 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1067-8849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charikleia S.","family":"Vrettou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2631-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stamatios","family":"Tsipilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zafeiria","family":"Mastora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stylianos E.","family":"Orfanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Dimopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2508-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Kotanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-020-09944-5","article-title":"The Natural History, Pathobiology, and Clinical Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infections","volume":"15","author":"Machhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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