{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:37:37Z","timestamp":1780555057511,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 NR007091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 NR007091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 MH106675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 MH106675"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH095860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH095860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH120170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH120170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH124871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH124871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH119084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH119084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH118278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH118278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Distinguished Investigator Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Distinguished Investigator Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Vetenskapsr\u00e5det, award: 538-2013-8864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vetenskapsr\u00e5det, award: 538-2013-8864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeckfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R276-2018-4581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R276-2018-4581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Binge eating is a transdiagnostic eating disorder symptom that can occur in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), persisting after weight restoration, and impeding their recovery. However, little is known about the biological predictors of binge eating after AN weight restoration. The goals of this exploratory study of 73 females with AN were: (1) to examine changes in cortisol, the adrenocorticotropic hormone, norepinephrine, ghrelin (total and active), and leptin levels across the admission, discharge, and 3 months post-discharge from the inpatient AN weight restoration; and (2) to determine whether the target hormones were associated with objective or subjective binge eating (OBE or SBE). The participants completed the self-reported Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory-II, and provided fasting whole blood samples for hormone assays. The results showed significant changes in body mass index (BMI), cortisol, total ghrelin, and leptin levels over the three time points. The cortisol levels at admission and discharge were significantly associated with the number of SBE episodes at 3 months post-discharge. Findings suggest the need to replicate and confirm the role of cortisol in predicting the emergence of SBE and uncover the mechanisms underlying SBE and cortisol to prevent SBE and its negative consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11101020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T17:29:18Z","timestamp":1634059758000},"page":"1020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Associations of Stress and Appetite Hormones with Binge Eating in Females with Anorexia Nervosa after Weight Restoration: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8990-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Ke","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Brownley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Bardone-Cone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7772-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Bulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Solna, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica H.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Moore, C.A., and Bokor, B.R. (2017). Anorexia nervosa. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22390","article-title":"Refeeding and weight restoration outcomes in anorexia nervosa: Challenging current guidelines","volume":"48","author":"Redgrave","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.02.010","article-title":"Examining the utility of narrowing anorexia nervosa subtypes for adults","volume":"67","author":"Peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23272","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories of behavior change in a national sample of patients seeking eating-disorder treatment","volume":"53","author":"Chapa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113472","article-title":"Food addiction as a proxy for anorexia nervosa severity: New data based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0","volume":"293","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.12.013","article-title":"The role of reward circuitry and food addiction in the obesity epidemic: An update","volume":"131","author":"Leigh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23392","article-title":"Eating-disorder psychopathology and driven exercise change models: A latent change score analysis","volume":"53","author":"Chapa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.1121","article-title":"Exercise in the eating disorders: Terms and definitions","volume":"19","author":"Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-01053-9","article-title":"Subjective binge eating: A marker of disordered eating and broader psychological distress","volume":"26","author":"Brownstone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2016.09.005","article-title":"Loss of Control Over Eating Scale (LOCES): Validation in undergraduate men and women with and without eating disorder symptoms","volume":"23","author":"Stefano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000329358","article-title":"Different moderators of cognitive-behavioral therapy on subjective and objective binge eating in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: A three-year follow-up study","volume":"81","author":"Castellini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22066","article-title":"Subjective and objective binge eating in relation to eating disorder symptomatology, negative affect, and personality dimensions","volume":"46","author":"Brownstone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.02.003","article-title":"Update on binge eating disorder","volume":"103","author":"Guerdjikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.11.002","article-title":"Stress-induced eating in women with binge-eating disorder and obesity","volume":"131","author":"Klatzkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14110","article-title":"Systematic review of the effects of acute stress in binge eating disorder","volume":"50","author":"Naish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.12.007","article-title":"Stress-induced laboratory eating behavior in obese women with binge eating disorder","volume":"58","author":"Schulz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2011.04.006","article-title":"Effects of stress and coping on binge eating in female college students","volume":"12","author":"Sulkowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.48.1.150","article-title":"If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination","volume":"48","author":"Folkman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monroe, S., and Cummins, L. (2015). Stress: Psychological Perspectives, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-097086-8.25038-1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105315580212","article-title":"The relation of anxiety, depression, and stress to binge eating behavior","volume":"20","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023660","article-title":"Revisiting the affect regulation model of binge eating: A meta-analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessment","volume":"137","author":"Keel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/01454455900141004","article-title":"Experiential aspects of bulimia nervosa. Implications for cognitive behavioral therapy","volume":"14","author":"Hsu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2018.01.003","article-title":"Caregiver burden and illness perceptions in caregivers of medically hospitalized youth with anorexia nervosa","volume":"29","author":"Matthews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.09.007","article-title":"Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition intervention in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders","volume":"106","author":"Association","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.312","article-title":"Comparisons of energy intake and energy expenditure in overweight and obese women with and without binge eating disorder","volume":"20","author":"Raymond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2239","article-title":"Adolescents with anorexia nervosa have their say: A review of qualitative studies on treatment and recovery from anorexia nervosa","volume":"21","author":"Bezance","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.001","article-title":"Interacting brain systems modulate memory consolidation","volume":"3","author":"McIntyre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.06.108","article-title":"Weight stigma is stressful. A review of evidence for the Cyclic Obesity\/Weight-Based Stigma model","volume":"82","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-1450669","article-title":"Weight gain decreases elevated plasma ghrelin concentrations of patients with anorexia nervosa","volume":"145","author":"Otto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.01.009","article-title":"Postprandial ghrelin release in anorectic patients before and after weight gain","volume":"30","author":"Otto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schalla, M.A., and Stengel, A. (2018). The role of ghrelin in anorexia nervosa. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072117"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2303","article-title":"Central and peripheral peptides regulating eating behaviour and energy homeostasis in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A literature review","volume":"22","author":"Tortorella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00066-5","article-title":"Fasting plasma ghrelin levels in subtypes of anorexia nervosa","volume":"28","author":"Tanaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.4.889","article-title":"Leptin and body weight regulation in patients with anorexia nervosa before and during weight recovery","volume":"81","author":"Haas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703008316","article-title":"Ghrelin and leptin responses to food ingestion in bulimia nervosa: Implications for binge-eating and compensatory behaviours","volume":"33","author":"Monteleone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827608317358","article-title":"Appetite-related gut peptides in obesity and binge eating disorder","volume":"2","author":"Geliebter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.121178","article-title":"Universal equation for estimating ideal body weight and body weight at any BMI","volume":"103","author":"Peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.4039","article-title":"Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin: Two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue","volume":"279","author":"Hosoda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Fairburn, C.G., Cooper, Z., and O\u2019Connor, M. (2008). Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders, Guilford."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20075","article-title":"Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire with and without instruction to assess binge eating in patients with binge eating disorder","volume":"37","author":"Goldfein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties","volume":"56","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S467","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20561","article-title":"Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A)","volume":"63","author":"Julian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., and Brown, G.K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-II, The Psychological Corporation.","DOI":"10.1037\/t00742-000"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqv087","article-title":"Beck Depression Inventory","volume":"66","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"IBM (2019). SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0, IBM Corp."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20738","article-title":"Psychobiology of purging disorder: Reduction in circulating leptin levels in purging disorder in comparison with controls","volume":"43","author":"Jimerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2016.1163419","article-title":"Salivary alpha-amylase, secretory IgA and free cortisol as neurobiological components of the stress response in the acute phase of anorexia nervosa","volume":"17","author":"Paszynska","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00101-X","article-title":"A neurodevelopmental model for anorexia nervosa","volume":"79","author":"Connan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/35051587","article-title":"A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding","volume":"409","author":"Nakazato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7885","article-title":"Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans","volume":"86","author":"Ariyasu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1714","article-title":"A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans","volume":"50","author":"Cummings","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seidel, M., Markmann Jensen, S., Healy, D., Dureja, A., Watson, H.J., Holst, B., Bulik, C.M., and Sj\u00f6gren, J.M. (2021). A Systematic review and meta-analysis finds increased blood levels of all forms of ghrelin in both restricting and binge-eating\/purging subtypes of anorexia nervosa. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020709"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113071","article-title":"Reward and psychopathological correlates of eating disorders: The explanatory role of leptin","volume":"290","author":"Cassioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.004","article-title":"Physiology of leptin: Energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function and metabolism","volume":"64","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.069","article-title":"Leptin in leanness and obesity: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"77","author":"Perakakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12095","article-title":"Cortisol response to an induction of negative affect among adolescents with and without loss of control eating","volume":"11","author":"Radin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.8.2.225","article-title":"\u201cLoss of control\u201d in alcoholism and drug addiction: A neuroscientific interpretation","volume":"8","author":"Lyvers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.007","article-title":"Cortisol secretion patterns in addiction and addiction risk","volume":"59","author":"Lovallo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00285-9","article-title":"The prefrontal cortex\u2014An update: Time is of the essence","volume":"30","author":"Fuster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/bne0000305","article-title":"Amygdala and prefrontal cortex activity varies with individual differences in the emotional response to psychosocial stress","volume":"133","author":"Orem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2297","article-title":"Subjective and objective binge eating in relation to eating disorder symptomatology, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem among treatment-seeking adolescents with bulimia nervosa","volume":"22","author":"Ciao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein, D.J., Szatmari, P., Gaebel, W., Berk, M., Vieta, E., Maj, M., de Vries, Y.A., Roest, A.M., de Jonge, P., and Maercker, A. (2020). Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: An international perspective on key changes and controversies. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-1495-2"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"nQuery (2017). Sample Size and Power Calculation, Statsols."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3011.1981.tb01962.x","article-title":"Seasonal, circadian and episodic variations of human immunoreactive beta-MSH, ACTH and cortisol","volume":"17","author":"Virasoro","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Protein. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/11\/10\/1020\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:11:54Z","timestamp":1760166714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/11\/10\/1020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm11101020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm11101020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]}}}