{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:28:51Z","timestamp":1760956131151,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypophysitis is a rare and potentially life-threatening disease, characterized by an elevated risk of complications, such as the occurrence of acute central hypoadrenalism, persistent hypopituitarism, or the extension of the inflammatory process to the neighboring neurological structures. In recent years, a large number of cases has been described. The diagnosis of hypophysitis is complex because it is based on clinical and radiological criteria. Due to this, the integration of molecular and genetic biomarkers can help physicians in the diagnosis of hypophysitis and play a role in predicting disease outcome. In this paper, we review current knowledge about molecular and genetic biomarkers of hypophysitis with the aim of suggesting a possible integration of these biomarkers in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11101026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T22:42:18Z","timestamp":1634251338000},"page":"1026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Molecular and Genetic Immune Biomarkers of Primary and Immune-Therapy Induced Hypophysitis: From Laboratories to the Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Chiloiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"UOC Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8128-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University-CEINGE, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Tartaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological and Haematological Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-4059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ettore Domenico","family":"Capoluongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera per L\u2019Emergenza, Cannizzaro, 95126 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.06.004","article-title":"The Changing Clinical Spectrum of Hypophysitis","volume":"30","author":"Chiloiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. 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