{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:20:19Z","timestamp":1781004019505,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105-2410-H-037-002, MOST 106-2410-H-037 -003, MOST 110-2410-H-037-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-2410-H-037-002, MOST 106-2410-H-037 -003, MOST 110-2410-H-037-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The differences in brain activity between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy adults have been confirmed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG). The prefrontal lobe and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) are related to emotional regulation in patients with MDD. However, the high cost and poor time resolution of fMRI and PET limit their clinical application. Recently, researchers have used high time resolution of standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA) to investigate deep brain activity. This study aimed to convert raw EEG signals into swLORETA images and explore deep brain activity in patients with MDD and healthy adults. Methods: BrainMaster EEG equipment with a 19-channel EEG cap was used to collect resting EEG data with eyes closed for 5 min. NeuroGuide software was used to remove the EEG artifacts, and the swLORETA software was used to analyze 12,700 voxels of current source density (CSD) for 139 patients with MDD and co-morbid anxiety symptoms (mean age = 43.08, SD = 13.76; 28.78% were male) and 134 healthy adults (mean age = 40.60, SD = 13.52; 34.33% were male). Deep brain activity in the frontal lobe and PCC at different frequency bands was analyzed, including delta (1\u20134 Hz), theta (5\u20137 Hz), alpha (8\u201311 Hz), beta (12\u201324 Hz), beta1 (12\u201314 Hz), beta2 (15\u201317 Hz), beta3 (18\u201324 Hz), and high beta (25\u201329 Hz). Results: There was lower delta and theta and higher beta, beta1, beta2, beta3, and high-beta activity at the prefrontal lobe (dorsal medial prefrontal cortex [dmPFC], ventral medial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC], and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex [dlPFC], ventral lateral prefrontal cortex [vlPFC], orbital frontal cortex [OFC]) and PCC in MDD patients compared with healthy adults. There was no significant difference in alpha activity between the two groups. Conclusion: This study indicates brain hyperactivity in the right prefrontal lobe (dlPFC and vmPFC) and PCC in patients with MDD with co-morbid anxiety symptoms, and the dlPFC and PCC were also related to emotion regulation in MDD. Inhibiting high-beta activity or restoring delta and theta activity to the normal range in the right frontal lobe and PCC may be possible in z-score neurofeedback protocols for patients with MDD in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11111054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:22:02Z","timestamp":1634862122000},"page":"1054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prefrontal Lobe and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Activations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Using Standardized Weighted Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-1783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Mei","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-En","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chun","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Ta","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiao-Li Khale","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal SiaoGang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Yun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal SiaoGang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Fang","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). 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