{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:09:40Z","timestamp":1770883780673,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by weight loss, distorted body image with fear of becoming fat and associated with anxiety, especially in relation to food intake. Anxiety in relation to meals and weight restoration remains a major challenge in the treatment of AN. We examined the effects of inpatient weight restoration treatment on levels of post-meal anxiety using visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings in patients with AN. Materials: Thirty-two patients with AN, all part of the PROspective Longitudinal all-comer inclusion study on Eating Disorders (PROLED) were followed over eight weeks with baseline psychometric measures and weekly VAS anxiety self-scoring. Methods: Apart from the weekly body mass index (BMI) and VAS, patients were characterized at baseline using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), Symptom Check List 92 (SCL-92), Major Depression Inventory (MDI), and Autism Quotient (AQ). Results: The results showed a significant time effect, Wilks Lambda = 0.523, F = 3.12, p &lt; 0.05 (power of 0.862), indicating a reduction in VAS scores of anxiety from baseline to week 8. There was no effect of baseline medication or scores of MDI on the results. BMI increased from a mean of 15.16 (week 1) to 17.35 (week 8). In comparison, patients dropping out after only three weeks (n = 31) also had a trend toward a reduction in VAS anxiety (ns). Conclusions: Inpatient weight restoration treatment is associated with a decrease in post-meal anxiety in AN, an effect that occurs early and becomes clinically significant in patients who stay in treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11111079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T22:06:16Z","timestamp":1635113176000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Inpatient Weight Restoration Treatment Is Associated with Decrease in Post-Meal Anxiety"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2060-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Sj\u00f6gren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Center Ballerup, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Science, Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Kizilkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Center Ballerup, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4255-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rene Klinkby","family":"St\u00f8ving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Eating Disorders, Odense University Hospital, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Research Unit for Medical Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00356-9","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa: Aetiology, assessment, and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Zipfel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15074","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.74","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa","volume":"1","author":"Treasure","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20589","article-title":"Academy for eating disorders position paper: Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses","volume":"42","author":"Klump","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/64580","article-title":"Outcome, comorbidity and prognosis in anorexia nervosa","volume":"51","author":"Jagielska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.054742","article-title":"Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa","volume":"194","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641861","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.641861","article-title":"Discharge Body Mass Index, Not Illness Chronicity, Predicts 6-Month Weight Outcome in Patients Hospitalized With Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"12","author":"Redgrave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.12.2215","article-title":"Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa","volume":"161","author":"Kaye","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.784","article-title":"The co-morbidity of eating disorders and anxiety disorders: A review","volume":"15","author":"Swinbourne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20168","article-title":"Shared transmission of eating disorders and anxiety disorders","volume":"38","author":"Keel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20508","article-title":"Influence of overanxious disorder of childhood on the expression of anorexia nervosa","volume":"41","author":"Raney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.09.014","article-title":"Relationship between malnutrition and depression or anxiety in Anorexia Nervosa: A critical review of the literature","volume":"132","author":"Mattar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-019-00669-w","article-title":"Diagnostic, clinical, and personality correlates of food anxiety during a food exposure in patients diagnosed with an eating disorder","volume":"24","author":"Levinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.05.090","article-title":"Pre-meal anxiety and food intake in anorexia nervosa","volume":"55","author":"Steinglass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in meal-related anxiety predict treatment outcomes in an intensive family-based treatment program for adolescents with anorexia nervosa","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"WHO (1992). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), World Health Orgaganization."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199904)25:3<349::AID-EAT15>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"The reliability of the Eating Disorder Examination-Self-Report Questionnaire Version (EDE-Q)","volume":"25","author":"Luce","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00788743","article-title":"The ICD-10 symptom checklist: A companion to the ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders","volume":"28","author":"Janca","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self-report questionnaire?","volume":"16","author":"Fairburn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2011.12.001","article-title":"The impact of age and BMI on Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) scores in a community sample","volume":"13","author":"Ro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8701_11","article-title":"Review of the Eating Disorder Inventory\u20133","volume":"87","author":"Cumella","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198321)2:2<15::AID-EAT2260020203>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia","volume":"2","author":"Garner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.12.005","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) subscales for depression, anxiety, and interpersonal sensitivity","volume":"160","author":"Bech","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00309-8","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of the Major Depression Inventory, using the Present State Examination as the index of diagnostic validity","volume":"66","author":"Bech","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-3300-7","article-title":"Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: A preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice","volume":"35","author":"Robinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Autism. Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-015-0088-5","article-title":"The role of music therapy in reducing post meal related anxiety for patients with anorexia nervosa","volume":"3","author":"Bibb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2787","article-title":"Comorbid depression as a negative predictor of weight gain during treatment of anorexia nervosa: A systematic scoping review","volume":"28","author":"Stoving","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23570","article-title":"Comorbid mental disorders during long-term course in a nationwide cohort of patients with anorexia nervosa","volume":"54","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danielsen, Y.S., Ardal Rekkedal, G., Frostad, S., and Kessler, U. (2016). Effectiveness of enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-E) in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: A prospective multidisciplinary study. BMC Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1056-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1284","article-title":"The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century","volume":"159","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.11.068","article-title":"Pre-treatment patient characteristics as predictors of drop-out and treatment outcome in individual and family therapy for adolescents and adults with anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"271","author":"Gregertsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00071-9","article-title":"The Roles of Ethnicity and Culture in the Development of Eating Disturbance and Body Dissatisfaction: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"21","author":"Wildes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2018.1525642","article-title":"Transcultural aspects of eating disorders and body image disturbance (double dagger)","volume":"72","author":"Stern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Validation of visual analogue scale for anxiety (VAS-A) in preanesthesia evaluation","volume":"79","author":"Facco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-58.1.8","article-title":"Toward the validation of visual analogue scale for anxiety","volume":"58","author":"Facco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth. Prog."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/11\/11\/1079\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:22:32Z","timestamp":1760167352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/11\/11\/1079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm11111079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm11111079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]]}}}