{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:39:31Z","timestamp":1792427971354,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23-EY022947-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-EY022947-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The management of retinal diseases relies heavily on digital imaging data, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA). Targeted feature extraction and the objective quantification of features provide important opportunities in biomarker discovery, disease burden assessment, and predicting treatment response. Additional important advantages include increased objectivity in interpretation, longitudinal tracking, and ability to incorporate computational models to create automated diagnostic and clinical decision support systems. Advances in computational technology, including deep learning and radiomics, open new doors for developing an imaging phenotype that may provide in-depth personalized disease characterization and enhance opportunities in precision medicine. In this review, we summarize current quantitative and radiomic imaging biomarkers described in the literature for age-related macular degeneration and diabetic eye disease using imaging modalities such as OCT, FA, and OCT angiography (OCTA). Various approaches used to identify and extract these biomarkers that utilize artificial intelligence and deep learning are also summarized in this review. These quantifiable biomarkers and automated approaches have unleashed new frontiers of personalized medicine where treatments are tailored, based on patient-specific longitudinally trackable biomarkers, and response monitoring can be achieved with a high degree of accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11111161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T08:05:16Z","timestamp":1636358716000},"page":"1161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Eye Disease: A Step Closer to Precision Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3367-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gagan","family":"Kalra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"},{"name":"Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery & Advanced, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudeshna Sil","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery & Advanced, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duriye Damla","family":"Sevgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"},{"name":"Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery & Advanced, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5741-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anant","family":"Madabhushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil K.","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"},{"name":"Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery & Advanced, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justis P.","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"},{"name":"Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery & Advanced, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.06.010","article-title":"Higher-Order Assessment of OCT in Diabetic Macular Edema from the VISTA Study: Ellipsoid Zone Dynamics and the Retinal Fluid Index","volume":"3","author":"Ehlers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. 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