{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:40:59Z","timestamp":1791924059619,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies. Its diagnosis is based on transurethral cystoscopy. Virtual reality (VR) is a three-dimensional world generated through the projection of images, the emission of sounds and other stimuli. VR has been proven to be a very effective \u201cdistractor\u201d and, thus, a useful tool in managing pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of VR sets is technically feasible during the cystoscopy and whether the use of VR devices would reduce the degree of ailments associated with the procedure; Methods: The study prospectively included both men and women who qualified for rigid cystoscopy due to both primary and follow-up diagnostics. The study group underwent rigid cystoscopy with the VR set and the control group underwent the procedure without the VR set. Patients enrolled in both groups were subjected to blood pressure, heart rate and saturation measurements before, during and after the procedure. Additionally, the patients were asked to describe the severity of fear, pain sensations and nausea associated with the procedure. Non-verbal pain manifestations were assessed using the adult adjusted Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale; Results: The study population included 103 patients (74M\/29F; mean age 64.4 years). Pain intensity differed significantly between the groups, reaching lower values in the VR group. In all analyzed subgroups the use of the VR set was associated with higher levels of nausea. The mean FLACC score reached higher values for patients without the VR set. Blood pressure as well as heart rate increased during the procedure and decreased afterwards. The increase in systolic blood pressure and pulse rate was statistically higher in the control group; Conclusions: This study confirmed that cystoscopy is associated with considerable preprocedural fear and severe pain. Blood pressure and heart rate rise significantly during the cystoscopy. VR sets can lower pain perception during cystoscopy, but they may cause moderate nausea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11111214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1637116948000},"page":"1214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Influence of Virtual Reality Devices on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy Performed under Local Anaesthesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mateusz","family":"\u0141uczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Chorbi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Galik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kie\u0142b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"\u0141aszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Tukiendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 51-618 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ko\u015bcielska-Kasprzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5933-3753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Ma\u0142kiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romuald","family":"Zdrojowy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Szyde\u0142ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Krajewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.08.016","article-title":"European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (TaT1 and Carcinoma In Situ)\u20142019 Update","volume":"76","author":"Babjuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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