{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:26:51Z","timestamp":1783553211648,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 104- 2221-E-259-014, and MOST 105-2221-E259-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104- 2221-E-259-014, and MOST 105-2221-E259-007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The harmonic analysis (HA) of arterial radial pulses in humans has been widely investigated in recent years for clinical applications of traditional Chinese medicine. This study aimed at establishing the validity of carrying out HA on synchronous peripheral volume pulses for predicting diabetes-induced subtle changes in heart energy. In this study, 141 subjects (Group 1: 63 healthy elderly subjects; Group 2: 78 diabetic subjects) were enrolled at the same hospital. After routine blood sampling, all synchronous electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) measurements (i.e., at the six locations) were acquired in the morning. HA of synchronous peripheral volume pulses and radial pulse waves was performed and analyzed after a short period of an ensemble averaging process based on the R-wave peak location. This study utilized HA for the peripheral volume pulses and found that the averaged total pulse energy (i.e., the C0 of the DTFS) was identical in the same subject. A logistic regression model with C0 and a waist circumference variable showed a graded association with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The adjusted odds ratio for C0 and the waist circumference were 0.986 (95% confidence interval: 0.977, 0.994) and 1.130 (95% confidence interval: 1.045, 1.222), respectively. C0 also showed significant negative correlations with risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus, including glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose (r = \u22120.438, p &lt; 0.001; r = \u22120.358, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). This study established a new application of harmonic analysis in synchronous peripheral volume pulses for clinical applications. The findings showed that the C0 could be used as a prognostic indicator of a protective factor for predicting type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11121263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:43:22Z","timestamp":1638323002000},"page":"1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A First Step towards a Comprehensive Approach to Harmonic Analysis of Synchronous Peripheral Volume Pulses: A Proof-of-Concept Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-9384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsien-Tsai","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Hualien 97401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5614-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bagus","family":"Haryadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Hualien 97401, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jendral A. Yani Street, Kragilan, Tamanan, Kec. Banguntapan, Bantul, Yogyakarta 55191, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5229-3701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taichung Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Taichung 42743, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5405\/jmbe.30.5.10","article-title":"Review: Theory and applications of the harmonic analysis of arterial pressure pulse waves","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. 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