{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:25:00Z","timestamp":1789154700216,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014965","name":"EndoFound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014965","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian National Health Medical Research Council Investigator Fellowship","award":["1173882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1173882"]}]},{"name":"Victorian Government\u2019s Operational Infrastructure Support Program","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometrial organoids (EMO) are an important tool for gynecological research but have been limited by generation from (1) invasively acquired tissues and thus advanced disease states and (2) from women who are not taking hormones, thus excluding 50% of the female reproductive-aged population. We sought to overcome these limitations by generating organoids from (1) menstrual fluid (MF; MFO) using a method that enables the concurrent isolation of menstrual fluid supernatant, stromal cells, and leukocytes and (2) from biopsies and hysterectomy samples from women taking hormonal medication (EMO-H). MF was collected in a menstrual cup for 4\u20136 h on day 2 of menstruation. Biopsies and hysterectomies were obtained during laparoscopic surgery. Organoids were generated from all sample types, with MFO and EMO-H showing similar cell proliferation rates, proportion and localization of the endometrial basalis epithelial marker, Stage Specific Embryonic Antigen-1 (SSEA-1), and gene expression profiles. Organoids from different disease states showed the moderate clustering of epithelial secretory and androgen receptor signaling genes. Thus, MFO and EMO-H are novel organoids that share similar features to EMO but with the advantage of (1) MFO being obtained non-invasively and (2) EMO-H being obtained from 50% of the women who are not currently being studied through standard methods. Thus, MFO and EMO-H are likely to prove to be invaluable tools for gynecological research, enabling the population-wide assessment of endometrial health and personalized medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11121314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T22:18:42Z","timestamp":1638829122000},"page":"1314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Comparison of Organoids from Menstrual Fluid and Hormone-Treated Endometrium: Novel Tools for Gynecological Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2272-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin E.","family":"Filby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0836-797X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Wyatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Mortlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7064-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona L.","family":"Cousins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate E.","family":"Tyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Gynaecological Endoscopy and Endometriosis Surgery, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4140-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant W.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Gargett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. 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