{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:37:55Z","timestamp":1792708675127,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, the asthmatic population is divided into Type 2-high and non-Type 2\/Type 2-low asthmatics, with 50% of patients belonging to one of the two groups. Differently from T2-high, T2-low asthma has not been clearly defined yet, and the T2-low patients are identified on the basis of the absence or non-predominant expression of T2-high biomarkers. The information about the molecular mechanisms underpinning T2-low asthma is scarce, but researchers have recognized as T2-low endotypes type 1 and type 3 immune response, and remodeling events occurring without inflammatory processes. In addition, the lack of agreed biomarkers reprents a challenge for the research of an effective therapy. The first-choice medication is represented by inhaled corticosteroids despite a low efficacy is reported for\/in T2-low patients. However, macrolides and long-acting anti-muscarinic drugs have been recognized as efficacious. In recent years, clinical trials targeting biomarkers playing key roles in T3 and T1 immune pathways, alarmins, and molecules involved in neutrophil recruitment have provided conflicting results probably misleading (or biased) in patients\u2019 selection. However, further studies are warranted to achieve a precise characterization of T2-low asthma with the aim of defining a tailored therapy for each single asthmatic patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T21:40:21Z","timestamp":1640295621000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Which Therapy for Non-Type(T)2\/T2-Low Asthma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1826-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio L. M.","family":"Ricciardolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitina","family":"Carriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4390-0394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Bertolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.06.008","article-title":"Paucigranulocytic asthma: Uncoupling of airway obstruction from inflammation","volume":"143","author":"Tliba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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