{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:07:11Z","timestamp":1791216431345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/131159\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/131159\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genus Helicobacter is composed of bacteria that colonize both the human and animal gastrointestinal tract. Helicobacter pylori infects half of the world\u2019s population, causing various disorders, such as gastritis, duodenitis and gastric cancer. Additionally, non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter species (NHPH) are commonly found in the stomach of pigs, dogs and cats. Most of these species have zoonotic potential and prevalence rates of 0.2\u20136.0%, and have been described in human patients suffering from gastric disorders undergoing a gastric biopsy. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Helicobacter spp. in the stomach of patients with gastric cancer (n = 17) and obese (n = 63) patients. Furthermore, the outcome of the Helicobacter eradication treatment and the current infection status was evaluated. Overall, based on the genus-specific PCR followed by sequencing, DNA from Helicobacter spp. was detected in 46.3% of the patients, including single infections with H. pylori in 43.8% of the patients and mixed infections with H. pylori and canine- or feline-associated H. felis in 2.5%. About 32.5% of the patients had been subjected to previous Helicobacter eradication therapy and the triple standard therapy was the most frequent scheme (42.3%). In 48.0% of the patients who received eradication treatment, bacteria were still detected, including one mixed infection. In 23.1% of the patients who reported that a subsequent test had been performed to confirm the elimination of the bacteria, Helicobacter were still detected. In conclusion, although in a smaller percentage, NHPH may also be present in the human stomach. Thus, specific NHPH screening should be included in the diagnostic routine. The continued presence of H. pylori in the stomach of patients recently subjected to eradication schemes raises questions about the efficacy of the current Helicobacter treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T05:26:17Z","timestamp":1643433977000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Presence of Helicobacter Species in Gastric Mucosa of Human Patients and Outcome of Helicobacter Eradication Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9186-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2825-1595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Taillieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"De Bruyckere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7632-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chlo\u00eb","family":"De Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"R\u00eama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6176-5654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Santos-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Cirurgia Geral, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0539-6003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Nogueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Cirurgia Geral, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0286-6639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celso A.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1964-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Anatomia Patol\u00f3gica, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1709-933X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freddy","family":"Haesebrouck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2305-1631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5302-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"G\u00e4rtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12511","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12511","article-title":"Presence of gastricHelicobacterspecies in children suffering from gastric disorders in Southern Turkey","volume":"23","author":"Bahadori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doulberis, M., Srivastava, S., Polyzos, S.A., Kountouras, J., Papaefthymiou, A., Klukowska-R\u00f6tzler, J., Blank, A., Exadaktylos, A.K., and Srivastava, D.S. (2020). Active Helicobacter pylori Infection is Independently Associated with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Morbidly Obese Patients. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040933"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"153","author":"Hooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2005.00006.x","article-title":"Of microbe and man: Determinants of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases","volume":"30","author":"Kusters","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2019_360","article-title":"Immune Cell Signaling by Helicobacter pylori: Impact on Gastric Pathology","volume":"1149","author":"Blaser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Helicobacter Pylori Hum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12520","article-title":"Significantly higher frequency of Helicobacter suis in patients with idiopathic parkinsonism than in control patients","volume":"38","author":"Blaecher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.201900000-84","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer precursor lesions: Prevalence and associated factors in a reference laboratory in southeastern brazil","volume":"56","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.02.066","article-title":"Helicobacter felis eradication restores normal architecture and ihnibits gastric cancer progression in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"128","author":"Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12535","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12535","article-title":"The effect of antioxidants on Helicobacter pylori eradication: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102462","article-title":"Antibiotics used most commonly to treat animals in Europe","volume":"175","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01242-08","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Curcumin against Helicobacter pylori Isolates from India and during Infections in Mice. Antimicrob","volume":"53","author":"De","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17779","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i47.17779","article-title":"Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato: An overview of the infection in humans","volume":"20","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108459","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Helicobacter suis isolates from pigs and macaques","volume":"239","author":"Berlamont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0530-1","article-title":"In-feed bambermycin medication induces anti-inflammatory effects and prevents parietal cell loss without influencing Helicobacter suis colonization in the stomach of mice","volume":"49","author":"Taminiau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos, R., De Witte, C., Smet, A., Berlamont, H., De Bruyckere, S., Amorim, I., G\u00e4rtner, F., and Haesebrouck, F. (2020). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Helicobacter heilmannii and Helicobacter ailurogastricus Isolates. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060957"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(03)00085-3","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter heilmannii in children. A Bulgarian study","volume":"46","author":"Boyanova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00041-08","article-title":"Gastric Helicobacters in Domestic Animals and Nonhuman Primates and Their Significance for Human Health","volume":"22","author":"Haesebrouck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"410","article-title":"Helicobacter heilmannii Related Gastric Ulcer in Childhood","volume":"36","author":"Sykora","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakoob, J., Abbas, Z., Khan, R., Naz, S., Ahmad, Z., Islam, M., Awan, S., Jafri, F., and Jafri, W. (2012). Prevalence of non Helicobacter pylori species in patients presenting with dyspepsia. BMC Gastroenterol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-3"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01300-15","article-title":"Divergence between the Highly Virulent Zoonotic Pathogen Helicobacter heilmannii and Its Closest Relative, the Low-Virulence \u201cHelicobacter ailurogastricus\u201d sp. nov","volume":"84","author":"Joosten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70167-3","article-title":"Helicobacter heilmannii\u2013Associated Primary Gastric Low-Grade MALT Lymphoma: Complete Remission After Curing the Infection","volume":"118","author":"Morgner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.020","article-title":"Survival of Helicobacter suis bacteria in retail pig meat","volume":"166","author":"Flahou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.06.016","article-title":"Presence of Helicobacter suis on pork carcasses","volume":"187","author":"Houf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-65","article-title":"Diversity in bacterium-host interactions within the species Helicobacter heilmannii sensu stricto","volume":"44","author":"Joosten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12201","article-title":"Prevalence of Coinfection with Gastric Non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter(NHPH) Species in Helicobacter pylori-infected Patients Suffering from Gastric Disease in Beijing, China","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.201900000-03","article-title":"[Article partial retraction] prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients and its association with clinical risk factors for developing gastric adenocarcinoma","volume":"56","author":"Borges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2007.8.2.139","article-title":"Diagnosis of Helicobacter spp. infection in canine stomach","volume":"8","author":"Prachasilpchai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-015-0057-1","article-title":"Presence and significance of Helicobacter spp. in the gastric mucosa of Portuguese dogs","volume":"7","author":"Amorim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3311-3315.2001","article-title":"Identification of Novel Helicobacter Species in Pig Stomachs by PCR and Partial Sequencing","volume":"39","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804002985","article-title":"Identification of Helicobacter pylori DNA in Iranian patients with gallstones","volume":"132","author":"Farshad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"186","article-title":"Detection of Helicobacter DNA in Bile Samples of Patients with Biliary Diseases Living in South of Iran","volume":"31","author":"Farshad","year":"2006","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65133-0","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Helicobacter suis sp. nov. from pig stomachs","volume":"58","author":"Baele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2017.03.003","article-title":"Gilliamella intestini sp. nov., Gilliamella bombicola sp. nov., Gilliamella bombi sp. nov. and Gilliamella mensalis sp. nov.: Four novel Gilliamella species isolated from the bumblebee gut","volume":"40","author":"Praet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00921.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori is invasive and it may be a facultative intracellular organism","volume":"9","author":"Dubois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300102","article-title":"Histological and immunohistochemical detection of different Helicobacter species in the gastric mucosa of cats","volume":"13","author":"Scanziani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02651.x","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Inflammatory and Immune Responses in Dogs with Gastritis and Their Relationship to Helicobacter spp.","volume":"19","author":"Wiinberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infection. J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0223","article-title":"Determination of the Prevalence of Helicobacter heilmannii-Like Organisms Type 2 (HHLO-2) Infection in Humans and Dogs Using Non-Invasive Genus\/Species-Specific PCR in Korea","volume":"76","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2006.07.012","article-title":"Pathologic Risk Factors of Adenocarcinoma of the Gastric Cardia and Gastroesophageal Junction","volume":"15","author":"Carneiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.01.028","article-title":"Association Between Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Gastric Cancer Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"150","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.007302-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the stomach microbiota in patients with gastric cancer and in controls","volume":"58","author":"Dicksved","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noto, J.M., and Peek, R.M. (2017). The gastric microbiome, its interaction with Helicobacter pylori, and its potential role in the progression to stomach cancer. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006573"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199610000-00001","article-title":"Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994","volume":"20","author":"Dixon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v5.i3.164","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori: A recent literature review","volume":"5","author":"Ghotaslou","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/2\/181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:10:32Z","timestamp":1760134232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/2\/181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm12020181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12020181","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]}}}