{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:08:28Z","timestamp":1790222908849,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG 2I0131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG 2I0131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The association between myopia control efficacy in children treated with orthokeratology and corneal epithelial thickness is still unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the corneal epithelial thickness and its association with axial length changes in children treated with orthokeratology. This retrospective cohort study enrolled children aged from 9 to 15 years who had received orthokeratology for myopia control and had been followed up for at least 1 year. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography was performed to generate wide epithelial thickness maps of the patients. Annual axial length changes were calculated from the axial length at 6 months after the initiation of orthokeratology lens wear and at final measurements. Corneal epithelial thickness data were obtained from 24 sectors and a central 2 mm zone of the wide epithelial thickness map. Associations between annual axial length changes and corneal epithelial thickness for each sector\/zone of the wide epithelial thickness map, and orthokeratology treatment data were determined by generalized estimating equations. Finally, a total of 83 eyes of 43 patients (mean age 11.2 years) were included in the analysis. The mean annual axial length change was 0.169 mm; when regressing demographic and ortho-k parameters to mean annual axial length changes, age and target power were both negatively associated with them (\u03b2 = \u221214.43, p = 0.008; \u03b2 = \u22120.26, p = 0.008, respectively). After adjusting for age and target power, the annual axial length changes were positively associated with the corneal epithelium thickness of IT1, I1, SN2, and S2 sectors of the wide epithelial thickness map, and negatively with that of the I3 sector. In conclusion, we identified associations between annual axial length changes and the corneal epithelium thickness of certain sectors in children treated with orthokeratology. This may facilitate the design of orthokeratology lenses with enhanced efficacy for myopia control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:26:42Z","timestamp":1644870402000},"page":"278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Efficacy of Myopia Control and Distribution of Corneal Epithelial Thickness in Children Treated with Orthokeratology Assessed Using Optical Coherence Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yu-Kai","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7307-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Chang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Chin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-Kuo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1117-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan-Hsin","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Chun","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4436-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yau-Hung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7963-8717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Fu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.02.003","article-title":"CLEAR-Orthokeratology","volume":"44","author":"Vincent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M184","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25977","article-title":"IMI\u2014Clinical Management Guidelines Report","volume":"60","author":"Gifford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. 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