{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T19:53:02Z","timestamp":1783799582924,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flumazenil, a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist, can promote arousal even under general anesthesia without the use of benzodiazepines. We hypothesized that flumazenil could promote arousal and reduce emergence agitation in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia. One hundred and two patients were randomly allocated to the control or flumazenil group. Saline or flumazenil was administered at the end of the surgery. The incidence of emergence agitation was measured by using Aono\u2019s four-point scale, with scores of 3 and 4 indicating emergence agitation. The primary outcome was the incidence of emergence agitation. Secondary outcomes included duration of emergence agitation and time intervals between the discontinuation of anesthetics, first response, extubation, and post-anesthesia care-unit discharge readiness. The incidence of emergence agitation was 58.3% and 38.9% in the control and flumazenil groups, respectively, but it was not statistically significant. However, the duration of emergence agitation was shorter in the flumazenil group (p = 0.012). There were no significant differences in the time intervals between the discontinuation of anesthetics, first response, and extubation. Although flumazenil did not reduce the incidence of emergence agitation in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia, it can be considered as an option for awakening patients in terms of improving emergence profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12030416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T10:21:16Z","timestamp":1646648476000},"page":"416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of Flumazenil on Emergence Agitation after Orthognathic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Young Hyun","family":"Koo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geun Joo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Hun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Cheol","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Jun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Center, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong Wha","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12717","article-title":"Post-anaesthetic emergence delirium in adults: Incidence, predictors and consequences","volume":"60","author":"Munk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. 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