{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:04:19Z","timestamp":1788930259627,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Stroke Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup","award":["xx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xx"]}]},{"name":"Grosser L. F. Foghts Foundation","award":["xx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xx"]}]},{"name":"Hoerslev Foundation","award":["xx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xx"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathophysiologic classification of ischemic stroke is essential to a personalized approach to stroke treatment. The Trial of Org 101072 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification is the most frequently used tool to classify index ischemic strokes. We aimed to assess presence of small and large vessel disease markers across the TOAST groups. In an observational study, 99 ischemic stroke patients were consecutively included and classified according to TOAST. The assessment was supplemented with cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) score, based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and tests for carotid atherosclerosis, ankle\u2013brachial index (ABI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and peripheral reactive hyperemia index (RHI). Markers of small and large vessel disease were present in all TOAST groups. Carotid stenosis and atrial fibrillation were associated with their respective TOAST groups (p = 0.023 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). We found no association between the SVD score and the small vessel occlusion TOAST group (p = 0.59), and carotid atherosclerosis (p = 0.35), RHI (p = 0.39), ABI (p = 0.20), and eGFR (p = 0.79) were not associated with TOAST groups. The TOAST classification does not provide differential information on the pathophysiologies of the ischemic stroke. An operational classification that contains quantification of each vascular pathophysiology in the individual patient is pivotal for future research and development of personalized medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12030496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Is the TOAST Classification Suitable for Use in Personalized Medicine in Ischemic Stroke?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1987-7318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofie A.","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Stroke Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders S.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Stroke Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3869-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam V.","family":"Heiberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Stroke Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frauke","family":"Wolfram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poul J.","family":"Jennum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5880-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helle K.","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Stroke Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0087","article-title":"Precision Medicine for Ischemic Stroke","volume":"73","author":"Rostanski","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Personalising secondary prevention: Different treatments for different strokes","volume":"20","author":"Markus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract. 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