{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:14:13Z","timestamp":1765808053963,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","award":["NRF-2021-R1C1C1004986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021-R1C1C1004986"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been suggested to increase the risk of depression and anxiety disorders. This study expanded upon previous findings by estimating the changes in medical visits for various psychological disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before COVID-19. The entire Korean population \u2265 20 years old (~42.3 million) was included. The first COVID-19 case in Korea was reported on 20 January 2020. Thus, the period from January 2018 through to February 2020 was classified as \u201cbefore COVID-19\u201d, and the period from March 2020 through to May 2021 was classified as \u201cduring COVID-19\u201d. Monthly medical visits due to the following 13 psychological disorders were evaluated: depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, primary insomnia, schizophrenia, panic disorder, hypochondriasis, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, addephagia, alcoholism, nicotine dependency, and gambling addiction were evaluated. The differences in the number of medical visits and the variance of diseases before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed using the Mann\u2013Whitney U test and Levene\u2019s test. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to age and sex. The frequencies of medical visits for depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, primary insomnia, panic disorder, hypochondriasis, PTSD, anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, addephagia, and gambling addiction were higher during COVID-19 than before COVID-19 (all p &lt; 0.001). However, the frequencies of medical visits for schizophrenia, alcoholism, and nicotine dependency were lower during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the COVID-19 pandemic (all p &lt; 0.001). The psychological disorders with a higher frequency of medical visits during COVID-19 were consistent in all age and sex subgroups. In the old age group, the number of medical visits due to schizophrenia was also higher during COVID-19 than before COVID-19 (p &lt; 0.001). Many psychological disorders, including depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, primary insomnia, panic disorder, hypochondriasis, PTSD, anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, addephagia, and gambling addiction, had a higher number of related medical visits, while disorders such as schizophrenia, alcoholism, and nicotine dependency had a lower number of related medical visits during COVID-19 among Korean adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12040576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T05:50:43Z","timestamp":1649051443000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in the Mean of and Variance in Psychological Disease Incidences before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Korean Adult Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, CHA University, Bundang CHA Medical Center, Seongnam 13496, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2511-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae Myoung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14066, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi-Jung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joo-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woo-Jin","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1655-9549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo Geun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, CHA University, Bundang CHA Medical Center, Seongnam 13496, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2020.00570","article-title":"The Clinical Manifestations and Chest Computed Tomography Findings of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients in China: A Proportion Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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