{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:29:12Z","timestamp":1790947752713,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, lung disease has increased manyfold, causing millions of casualties annually. To combat the crisis, an efficient, reliable, and affordable lung disease diagnosis technique has become indispensable. In this study, a multiclass classification of lung disease from frontal chest X-ray imaging using a fine-tuned CNN model is proposed. The classification is conducted on 10 disease classes of the lungs, namely COVID-19, Effusion, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Lung Opacity, Mass, Nodule, Pneumothorax, and Pulmonary Fibrosis, along with the Normal class. The dataset is a collective dataset gathered from multiple sources. After pre-processing and balancing the dataset with eight augmentation techniques, a total of 80,000 X-ray images were fed to the model for classification purposes. Initially, eight pre-trained CNN models, AlexNet, GoogLeNet, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, VGG16, ResNet 50, DenseNet121, and EfficientNetB7, were employed on the dataset. Among these, the VGG16 achieved the highest accuracy at 92.95%. To further improve the classification accuracy, LungNet22 was constructed upon the primary structure of the VGG16 model. An ablation study was used in the work to determine the different hyper-parameters. Using the Adam Optimizer, the proposed model achieved a commendable accuracy of 98.89%. To verify the performance of the model, several performance matrices, including the ROC curve and the AUC values, were computed as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T22:22:41Z","timestamp":1650838961000},"page":"680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["LungNet22: A Fine-Tuned Model for Multiclass Classification and Prediction of Lung Disease Using X-ray Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9176-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. M. Javed Mehedi","family":"Shamrat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7572-9750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Azam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0909, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8532-6816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asif","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0909, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakibul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarrin","family":"Tasnim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-2328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pronab","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science (CS), Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friso","family":"De Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0909, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2019.11.013","article-title":"Deep-learning framework to detect lung abnormality\u2013A study with chest X-ray and lung CT scan images","volume":"129","author":"Bhandary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. 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