{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:51:20Z","timestamp":1784605880293,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has provoked the development of negative emotions in almost all societies since it first broke out in late 2019. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) is widely used to capture emotions, thoughts, and behaviors evoked by traumatic events, including COVID-19 as a collective and persistent traumatic event. However, there is less agreement on the structure of the IES-R, signifying a need for further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the IES-R among individuals in Saudi quarantine settings, psychiatric patients, and the general public during the COVID-19 outbreak. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the items of the IES-R present five factors with eigenvalues &gt; 1. Examination of several competing models through confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a best fit for a six-factor structure, which comprises avoidance, intrusion, numbing, hyperarousal, sleep problems, and irritability\/dysphoria. Multigroup analysis supported the configural, metric, and scalar invariance of this model across groups of gender, age, and marital status. The IES-R significantly correlated with the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-8, perceived health status, and perceived vulnerability to COVID-19, denoting good criterion validity. HTMT ratios of all the subscales were below 0.85, denoting good discriminant validity. The values of coefficient alpha in the three samples ranged between 0.90 and 0.93. In path analysis, correlated intrusion and hyperarousal had direct positive effects on avoidance, numbing, sleep, and irritability. Numbing and irritability mediated the indirect effects of intrusion and hyperarousal on sleep and avoidance. This result signifies that cognitive activation is the main factor driving the dynamics underlying the behavioral, emotional, and sleep symptoms of collective COVID-19 trauma. The findings support the robust validity of the Arabic IES-R, indicating it as a sound measure that can be applied to a wide range of traumatic experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T22:22:41Z","timestamp":1650838961000},"page":"681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Arabic Version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Psychometric Evaluation among Psychiatric Patients and the General Public within the Context of COVID-19 Outbreak and Quarantine as Collective Traumatic Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6448-8282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira Mohammed","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Smouha, Alexandria 21527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasmieh","family":"Al-Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Isra University, Amman 11953, Jordan"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kunugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173605, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3912-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"St\u0103nculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samah M.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura 30016, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-9626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Yousef","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2808-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmajeed A.","family":"Alkhamees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Unayzah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unayzah 52571, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin Omar","family":"Hendawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2020046","article-title":"Narrative synthesis of psychological and coping responses towards emerging infectious disease outbreaks in the general population: Practical considerations for the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"61","author":"Chew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Singap. 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