{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:59:08Z","timestamp":1783436348680,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoking traditionally has not been considered as a cause of bronchiectasis. However, few studies have evaluated the association between smoking and bronchiectasis. This study aimed to investigate the association between smoking status and bronchiectasis development in young adults. This study included 6,861,282 adults aged 20\u201339 years from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database 2009\u20132012 who were followed-up until the date of development of bronchiectasis, death, or 31 December 2018. We evaluated the incidence of bronchiectasis according to smoking status. During a mean of 7.4 years of follow-up, 23,609 (0.3%) participants developed bronchiectasis. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, ex-smokers (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03\u20131.13) and current-smokers (aHR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02\u20131.10) were associated with incident bronchiectasis, with the highest HR in \u2265 10 pack-years current smokers (aHR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.06\u20131.16). The association of smoking with bronchiectasis was more profound in females than in males (p for interaction &lt; 0.001), in younger than in older participants (p for interaction = 0.036), and in the overweight and obese than in the normal weight or underweight (p for interaction = 0.023). In conclusion, our study shows that smoking is associated with incident bronchiectasis in young adults. The association of smoking with bronchiectasis development was stronger in females, 20\u201329 year-olds, and the overweight and obese than in males, 30\u201340-year-olds, and the normal weight or underweight, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T11:45:55Z","timestamp":1650973555000},"page":"691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Association between Smoking Status and Incident Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis in Young Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2537-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bumhee","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungdo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bongseong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Koo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang 10380, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6603-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eung-Gook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4812-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07440, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1269-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105940","article-title":"Non-CF bronchiectasis: Orphan disease no longer","volume":"166","author":"Imam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. 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