{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:06:09Z","timestamp":1792173969464,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Delirium in ICU patients is a complication associated with many adverse consequences. Given the high prevalence of this complication in critically ill patients, it is essential to develop and implement an effective management protocol to prevent delirium. Given that the cause of delirium is multifactorial, non-pharmacological multicomponent interventions are promising strategies for delirium prevention. (1) Background: To identify and evaluate published systematic review on non-pharmacological nursing interventions to prevent delirium in intensive care unit patients. (2) Methods: An umbrella review guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute was utilized. Data were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The last search was conducted on 1 May 2022. (3) Results: Fourteen reviews met the inclusion criteria. Multicomponent interventions are the most promising methods in the fight against delirium. The patient\u2019s family is an important part of the process and should be included in the delirium prevention scheme. Light therapy can improve the patient\u2019s circadian rhythm and thus contribute to reducing the incidence of delirium. (4) Conclusions: Non-pharmacological nursing interventions may be effective in preventing and reducing the duration of delirium in ICU patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T21:31:20Z","timestamp":1652045480000},"page":"760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Non-Pharmacological Nursing Interventions to Prevent Delirium in ICU Patients\u2014An Umbrella Review with Implications for Evidence-Based Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9728-5011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Lange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal and Pediatric Nursing, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8377-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wioletta","family":"M\u0119drzycka-D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Nursing & Intensive Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9528-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Friganovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"University of Applied Health Sciences, Mlinarska cesta 38, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ber","family":"Oomen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESNO, European Specialist Nurses Organization, 6821 HR Arnhem, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3002-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Krupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2017.10.001","article-title":"Delirium in the Elderly","volume":"41","author":"Hshieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NURSE.0000615072.68682.f0","article-title":"Preventing and identifying hospital-acquired delirium","volume":"50","author":"Volland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nursing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4","article-title":"Delirium","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.5603\/AIT.a2018.0011","article-title":"ICU delirium\u2014A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the intensive care unit","volume":"50","author":"Kotfis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol. Intensiv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1753","article-title":"Delirium as a Predictor of Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"291","author":"Ely","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001378","article-title":"Intensive Care Unit Delirium: A Review of Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment","volume":"125","author":"Hayhurst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03885.x","article-title":"The hospital elder life program: A model of care to prevent cognitive and functional decline in older hospitalized patients","volume":"48","author":"Inouye","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6505","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S325365","article-title":"Diagnosis and risk factors for delirium in elderly patients in the emergency rooms and intensive care unit of the national geriatric hospital emergency department: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"14","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozga, D., Krupa, S., Witt, P., and M\u0119drzycka-Dabrowska, W. (2020). Nursing interventions to prevent delirium in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit during the covid19 pandemic\u2014narrative overview. Healthcare, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040578"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12688","article-title":"Family intervention improves outcomes for patients with delirium: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"McKenzie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australas. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0102-9","article-title":"Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Management of Delirium in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"9","author":"Hipp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-1795","article-title":"The importance of diagnosing and managing ICU delirium","volume":"132","author":"Pun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1159\/000502685","article-title":"Review of the Literature on the Occurrence of Delirium after Veno-Venous and Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Krupa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Dis. Extra"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v8.i3.18","article-title":"Current controversies and future perspectives on treatment of intensive care unit delirium in adults","volume":"8","author":"Cascella","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation\/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU","volume":"46","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2021.10.011","article-title":"Melatonin and melatonin-receptor agonists to prevent delirium in hospitalized older adults: An umbrella review","volume":"42","author":"Blodgett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.020","article-title":"Melatonin for delirium prevention in hospitalized patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Khaing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2019.06.027","article-title":"The effect of melatonin on delirium in hospitalised patients: A systematic review and meta-analyses with trial sequential analysis","volume":"59","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"26","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency and delirium","volume":"10","author":"Osiezagha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01380-z","article-title":"Parenteral thiamine for prevention and treatment of delirium in critically ill adults: A systematic review protocol","volume":"9","author":"McKenzie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.016","article-title":"Effect of thiamine supplementation in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Sedhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange, S., M\u0119drzycka-D\u0105browska, W., Friganovic, A., Oomen, B., and Krupa, S. (2021). Delirium in critical illness patients and the potential role of thiamine therapy in prevention and treatment: Findings from a scoping review with implications for evidence-based practice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168809"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu173","article-title":"Preventing delirium: Should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"CD013307","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients","volume":"2021","author":"Burton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2015423","article-title":"Nonpharmacological interventions to prevent delirium: An evidence-based systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Rivosecchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care Nurse"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1566-9_8","article-title":"Umbrella Reviews: What They Are and Why We Need Them","volume":"2345","author":"Papatheodorou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00505-6","article-title":"Umbrella reviews: What they are and why we need them","volume":"34","author":"Papatheodorou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., Fernandez, R., Godfrey, C., Holly, C., Khalil, H., and Tungpunkom, P. (2014). The Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers\u2019 Manual 2014 Methodology for JBI Umbrella Reviews, The Joanna Briggs Institute."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12566","article-title":"Strategies for prevention of postoperative delirium: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001557","article-title":"The Efficacy of Earplugs as a Sleep Hygiene Strategy for Reducing Delirium in the ICU: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Litton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5452-x","article-title":"The effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing the incidence and duration of delirium in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Bannon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensiv. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12300","article-title":"The effect of chronotherapy on delirium in critical care\u2014A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Luther","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurs. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12607","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12607","article-title":"Effect of the use of earplugs and eye mask on the quality of sleep in intensive care patients: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Axmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003155","article-title":"Flexible versus restrictive visiting policies in ICUs: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Nassar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.09.032","article-title":"Effect of nonpharmacological interventions for the prevention of delirium in the intensive care unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"CD009783","article-title":"Interventions for preventing intensive care unit delirium in adults","volume":"11","author":"Herling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S201323","article-title":"Prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients planned for elective surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Janssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.08.019","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions to reduce the incidence and duration of delirium in critically ill patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16768","article-title":"Multicomponent Interventions for the Prevention of Delirium in Hospitalized Older People: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"68","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16565","article-title":"Non-Pharmacologic Multicomponent Interventions Preventing Delirium in Hospitalized People","volume":"68","author":"Ludolph","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2020.10.004","article-title":"Effects of nonpharmacological delirium-prevention interventions on critically ill patients\u2019 clinical, psychological, and family outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e13859","article-title":"Where should patients with or at risk of delirium be treated in an acute care system? Comparing the rates of delirium in patients receiving usual care vs alternative care: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Ekeozor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14954","article-title":"Systematic review of interventions targeting fundamental care to reduce hospital-associated decline in older patients","volume":"77","author":"Cummins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Lee, J., Kim, J., and Jung, Y. (2021). Non-pharmacological nursing interventions for prevention and treatment of delirium in hospitalized adult patients: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168853"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06490-3","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to prevent delirium in critically ill patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Burry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensiv. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"141","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Non-Pharmacological Interventions to Prevent Delirium at Intensive Care Units","volume":"11","author":"Saritas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.11.011","article-title":"Family intervention for delirium for patients in the intensive care unit: A systematic meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104239","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Preventing Delirium in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28598","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028598","article-title":"Efficacy of EWINDOW for prevention of delirium at intensive care units: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2021.103156","article-title":"Effect of Patient and Family Centred Care interventions for adult intensive care unit patients and their families: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Bohart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensiv. Crit. Care Nurs."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-3938","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on the incidence of delirium in intensive care unit inpatients after cognitive exercise intervention","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2020). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, The Joanna Briggs Institute."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027514","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027514","article-title":"Economic impact of delirium in Australia: A cost of illness study","volume":"9","author":"Pezzullo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-2-49","article-title":"Delirium in the ICU: An overview","volume":"2","author":"Cavallazzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Intensiv. Care"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-019-01627-y","article-title":"Multicomponent, nonpharmacological delirium interventions for older inpatients: A scoping review","volume":"52","author":"Eckstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Z. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12594","article-title":"Non-pharmacologic interventions for the prevention of delirium in the intensive care unit: An integrative review","volume":"26","author":"Sahawneh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209858","article-title":"Intensive versus standard physical rehabilitation therapy in the critically ill (EPICC): A multicentre, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial","volume":"73","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doiron, K., Hoffmann, T., and Beller, E. (2018). Early intervention (mobilization or active exercise) for critically ill adults in the intensive care unit (Review). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010754.pub2"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60658-9","article-title":"Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"373","author":"Schweickert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7201","article-title":"Standardized rehabilitation and hospital length of stay among patients with acute respiratory failure a randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA\u2014J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2015.07.001","article-title":"Lighting, sleep and circadian rhythm: An intervention study in the intensive care unit","volume":"31","author":"Engwall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensiv. Crit. Care Nurs."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2015.10.009","article-title":"Impact of multicomponent, nonpharmacologic interventions on perioperative cortisol and melatonin levels and postoperative delirium in elderly oral cancer patients","volume":"62","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2011.03.003","article-title":"The usefulness of bright light therapy for patients after oesophagectomy","volume":"27","author":"Ono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensiv. Crit. Care Nurs."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004009","article-title":"Promoting Family Engagement in the ICU: Experience from a National Collaborative of 63 ICUs","volume":"47","author":"Kleinpell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"33","article-title":"The family in preventing delirium in the intensive care unit: Scoping review","volume":"33","year":"2022","journal-title":"Enferm. Intensiva"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002175","article-title":"The ABCDEF bundle: Science and philosophy of how ICU liberation serves patients and families","volume":"45","author":"Ely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/5\/760\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:07:38Z","timestamp":1760137658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/5\/760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm12050760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12050760","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]}}}