{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T10:57:08Z","timestamp":1770461828115,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellbeing of Women","award":["RTF510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTF510"]}]},{"name":"Wellbeing of Women","award":["RG1073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG1073"]}]},{"name":"Wellbeing of Women","award":["RG2137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG2137"]}]},{"name":"The Hewitt Fertility Centre\/Liverpool Women\u2019s Hospital NHS Trust","award":["RTF510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTF510"]}]},{"name":"The Hewitt Fertility Centre\/Liverpool Women\u2019s Hospital NHS Trust","award":["RG1073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG1073"]}]},{"name":"The Hewitt Fertility Centre\/Liverpool Women\u2019s Hospital NHS Trust","award":["RG2137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG2137"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health Research","award":["RTF510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTF510"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health Research","award":["RG1073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG1073"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health Research","award":["RG2137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG2137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), collectively referred to as recurrent reproductive failure (RRF), are both challenging conditions with many unanswered questions relating to causes and management options. Both conditions are proposed to be related to an aberrant endometrial microenvironment, with different proposed aetiologies related to a restrictive or permissive endometrium for an invading embryo. The impressive regenerative capacity of the human endometrium has been well-established and has led to the isolation and characterisation of several subtypes of endometrial stem\/progenitor cells (eSPCs). eSPCs are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of endometrium-related disorders (such as endometriosis) and have been proposed to be implicated in the pathogenesis of RRF. This review appraises the current knowledge of eSPCs, and their involvement in RRF, highlighting the considerable unknown aspects in this field, and providing avenues for future research to facilitate much-needed advances in the diagnosis and management of millions of women suffering with RRF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T10:19:46Z","timestamp":1652264386000},"page":"775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Role of Endometrial Stem\/Progenitor Cells in Recurrent Reproductive Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hannan","family":"Al-Lamee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Women\u2019s Health Research, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"},{"name":"Hewitt Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Liverpool Women\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Women\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Women\u2019s Health Research, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Women\u2019s Health Research, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7166-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thuan","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Women\u2019s Health Research, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Drakeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hewitt Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Liverpool Women\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Women\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0270-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dharani K.","family":"Hapangama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Women\u2019s Health Research, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Women\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3633-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Tempest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Women\u2019s Health Research, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"},{"name":"Hewitt Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Liverpool Women\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Women\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12088","article-title":"Decidualization of the Human Endometrium","volume":"17","author":"Okada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. 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